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46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis (46,XY PGD) is a disorder of sex development (DSD) associated with anomalies in gonadal development that results in genital ambiguity of variable degree ranging from almost female phenotype to almost male phenotype in a patient carrying a male 46,XY karyotype.
Features include very common findings: Male infertility, Decreased serum estradiol, Elevated circulating follicle stimulating hormone level, and Clitoral hypertrophy and others; and common findings: Cryptorchidism, Gonadoblastoma, and Delayed puberty. 43 total HPO annotations.
Organ System | Phenotype Count | Example Features |
|---|---|---|
Hormones | 5 | Male infertility, Delayed puberty, Adrenal insufficiency |
No consensus clinical diagnostic criteria for campomelic dysplasia (CD) have been published. The diagnosis of CD (derived from the Greek for "bent limb") can usually be clearly established based on clinical and radiographic findings. Although no single clinical feature is obligatory, the radiographic features are consistent and are the most reliable diagnostic clues.
CD should be suspected in individuals with the following clinical and radiographic features.
Clinical features
No approved treatments are currently available for 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis. The disease remains an area of unmet medical need.
Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis To establish the extent of disease and needs in an individual diagnosed with campomelic dysplasia (CD), the evaluations summarized (if not performed as part of the evaluation that led to the diagnosis) are recommended for those infants surviving the neonatal period. Table 3. Recommended Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis in Individuals with Campomelic Dysplasia
Table 5.
Recommended Surveillance for Individuals with Campomelic Dysplasia
System/Concern | Evaluation | Frequency
| Clinical radiographic assessment for spinal curvature | Annually in long-term survivors
Source: GeneReviews — "Campomelic Dysplasia"
No clinical trials have been registered for 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis.
12 publications have been identified in PubMed for 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis. Research spans Case Report / Case Series (50%), Basic Science / Preclinical (25%), and Review / Meta-Analysis (17%).
Research Type | Count | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
Patient case studies | 6 | 50% |
Data assembled from 5 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 19, 2026, 6:35 AM UTC
European rare disease database
Genetic and Rare Diseases Info Center
Common questions about 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis
Lab test results |
2 |
Elevated circulating follicle stimulating hormone level, Elevated circulating luteinizing hormone level |
Bones and joints | 2 | Delayed skeletal maturation, Weak and brittle bones (osteoporosis) |
Kidneys and urinary system | 2 | Nephrotic syndrome, Nephroblastoma |
Age of onset: at birth.
To date, approximately 100 individuals (fetuses included) with a pathogenic variant in SOX9 have been identified; the data are scattered across many case reports and a few small series [, , , , , , , , , , , , ]. The following description of the phenotypic features associated with this condition is based on these reports. Campomelic dysplasia (CD) is sometimes identified on prenatal ultrasound examination but may escape detection until after birth if the limbs are not bowed. Many newborns with CD die shortly after birth secondary to respiratory insufficiency. In comparison with other lethal skeletal dysplasias, the cause of death in CD is not related to thoracic cage hypoplasia but rather to airway instability (tracheobronchomalacia) or cervical spine instability.
Source: GeneReviews — "Campomelic Dysplasia"
Differential Diagnosis in the Prenatal Period Table 2. Disorders with Prenatal Limb Bowing in the Differential Diagnosis of Campomelic Dysplasia
Gene(s) | Differential Disorder | MOI | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
Hypophosphatasia | AR1 | COL1A1 | — |
COL1A2 | Osteogenesis imperfecta (perinatally lethal OI or progressively deforming OI) | AD | OI is more common than CD thus a more frequent cause of bowed limbs on antenatal US exam. FGFR3 |
Thanatophoric dysplasia | AD | Thanatophoric dysplasia type 1 has bowed femurs. | — |
RMRP | Cartilage-hair hypoplasia (See Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia – Anauxetic Dysplasia Spectrum Disorders.) | AR | AD = autosomal dominant; AR = autosomal recessive; CD = campomelic dysplasia; MOI = mode of inheritance; US = ultrasound 1. Perinatal and most infantile cases of hypophosphatasia are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. |
Source: GeneReviews — "Campomelic Dysplasia"
System/Concern | Evaluation | Comment |
|---|---|---|
or tracheobronchomalacia | Clinical eval | — |
Cervical spine instability | Lateral radiograph of cervical spine | — |
Cleft palate | Eval by craniofacial team incl feeding eval | — |
Risk of gonadoblastoma in 46,XY phenotypic females | Karyotype analysis | In phenotypic females to identify those w/46,XY karyotype |
Clubfeet | Referral to orthopedist | — |
Hearing impairment | Hearing screening | — |
Genetic counseling | By genetics professionals1 | To inform affected persons their families re nature, MOI, implications of CD to facilitate medical personal decision making CD = campomelic dysplasia 1. Medical geneticist, certified genetic counselor, certified advanced genetic nurse Treatment of Manifestations Table 4. |
Treatment of Manifestations in Individuals with Campomelic Dysplasia Manifestation/Concern | Treatment | Considerations/Other |
Cleft palate | Care by craniofacial team surgical closure | 46,XY karyotype |
female genitalia | Gonadectomy because of risk of gonadoblastoma | No data available re appropriate age for this procedure Hip dislocation/ |
luxation | Treatment per orthopedist | — |
Clubfeet | Surgical correction per orthopedist | — |
Hearing impairment | Treatment per audiologist incl hearing aids | Progressive cervicothoracic |
kyphoscoliosis | Surgical treatment per orthopedist/neurosurgeon | Surgery often required in childhood for those w/compromised lung function ; bracing usually not helpful Cervical spine |
instability | Surgical treatment per orthopedist/neurosurgeon | Risk associated with use of anesthesia prior to imaging or surgery. If a cervical spine abnormality is identified, special care should be exercised for any surgical procedure. Surveillance Table 5. |
Recommended Surveillance for Individuals with Campomelic Dysplasia System/Concern | Evaluation | Frequency |
Kyphoscoliosis | Clinical radiographic assessment for spinal curvature | Annually in long-term survivors There are no known circumstances to avoid. However, in long-term survivors with cervical spine malformations, it seems reasonable to limit activities that cause extreme flexion or extension (e.g., somersaults). |
Source: GeneReviews — "Campomelic Dysplasia"
There are no known circumstances to avoid. However, in long-term survivors with cervical spine malformations, it seems reasonable to limit activities that cause extreme flexion or extension (e.g., somersaults).
Source: GeneReviews — "Campomelic Dysplasia"
Search ClinicalTrials.gov in the US and EU Clinical Trials Register in Europe for access to information on clinical studies for a wide range of diseases and conditions. Note: There may not be clinical trials for this disorder.
Source: GeneReviews — "Campomelic Dysplasia"
View trials for 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis
Phenotype severity distribution: 31 very common features, 3 common features.
Estimated prevalence: Unknown (Unknown prevalence).
Laboratory research
3 |
25% |
Research summaries | 2 | 17% |
Disease patterns and progression | 1 | 8% |
Wang F (2026). [PMID: 41725111](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41725111/). *Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.)*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Yami Channaiah C (2026). [PMID: 41611635](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41611635/). *Clinical endocrinology*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Pachapure SS (2026). [PMID: 41847829](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41847829/). *Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Tadokoro-Cuccaro R (2025). [PMID: 40208111](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40208111/). *The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Shimura K (2025). [PMID: 38359811](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38359811/). *Hormone research in paediatrics*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Turk Yilmaz RS (2025). [PMID: 39726663](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39726663/). *JCEM case reports*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Alabduljabbar A (2025). [PMID: 40766295](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40766295/). *Frontiers in endocrinology*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Lu Y (2025). [PMID: 40476564](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40476564/). *Molecular medicine reports*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Chernykh VB (2025). [PMID: 40695261](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40695261/). *Cytogenetic and genome research*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Hornig N (2025). [PMID: 40335402](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40335402/). *Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
AI-curated news mentioning 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis
Updated Jul 21, 2026
FDA approved Casgevy CRISPR gene therapy for children as young as 2 with sickle cell disease on July 1, 2026. Here's what families need to know about this milestone. Approximately 5,500 additional American children are now eligible for this established one-time therapy, according to Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Casgevy's developer. Casgevy also covers transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia in this new age indication. Sickle cell disease is a lifelong inherited blood disorder that warps red blood cells into stiff, crescent shapes that can block blood flow, starving organs and tissues of oxygen. The world's first CRISPR-based gene therapy has been approved for children as young as two years old, opening the possibility of a single, potentially curative treatment to thousands of American children with sickle cell disease before years of organ damage can narrow what medicine can do for them. Families with children aged 2 and older who have sickle cell disease should speak with their pediatric hematologist about whether Casgevy is appropriate to consider at this stage of their child's disease. Ask specifically which authorized treatment centers perform Casgevy in your region. Treatment is available only at specialized sites, and geographic access remains limited. Contact your child's insurance plan or Medicaid office to ask about coverage. Medicaid coverage for gene therapies varies by state, and some states have developed outcomes-based payment models for high-cost therapies. "With today's decision, pediatric patients as young as 2 years of age can now access a critical additional treatment option to treat these debilitating, life-threatening diseases," said Karim Mikhail, acting director of the Office of Therapeutic Products at the FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, according to the FDA press announcement. Casgevy is a non-viral, ex vivo CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited cell therapy.
A new treatment for children aged 2 or older with sickle cell disease has been approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration. In a press release on Wednesday, the FDA announced it had approved Casgevy, the first gene therapy for children with sickle cell disease. (NewsNation) — A new treatment for children aged 2 or older with sickle cell disease has been approved by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA). In a Wednesday news release, the FDA announced it had approved Casgevy, the first gene therapy for children with the disease. “Casgevy is a gene therapy consisting of the patient’s own (autologous) hematopoietic (blood) stem cells, administered as a one-time single dose for intravenous infusion,” the release noted. “Pediatric patients as young as 2 years of age can now access a critical additional treatment option to treat these debilitating, life-threatening diseases,” Karim Mikhail, the acting director of the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, wrote. “These disorders carry a heavy burden for children and their families, affecting growth, development, and long-term health in profound ways,” Megha Kaushal, acting deputy director of the Office of Therapeutic Products in CBER, said in the release.