hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a malignant tumor arising from liver cells (hepatocytes) and is classified as a primary liver cancer. Although it is relatively uncommon in the United States, it is seen more frequently in African countries south of the Sahara and Southeast Asia. The condition primarily affects individuals over the age of 50, with a higher prevalence in males. It affects approximately 1 to 5 per 10,000 people, and research has identified involvement of several genes, including TP53, CTNNB1, and MET, in the disease’s development.

Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma may notice symptoms that reflect liver dysfunction. Many individuals experience abdominal pain or discomfort, fatigue, and unintentional weight loss, while others may develop signs such as jaundice. Laboratory findings often reveal an elevated serum level of alpha‐fetoprotein, which can serve as a marker in the diagnostic process. Not all individuals experience all features, and severity varies considerably.

Hepatocellular carcinoma arises from a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, reflecting its multifactorial nature. Research indicates that somatic alterations in several cancer-related genes, such as TP53, CTNNB1, MET, and others from the allowed list, contribute to the disruption of normal cell cycle regulation and promote tumor development. Environmental risk factors including chronic infections with hepatitis B or C, long-term alcohol use, and underlying cirrhosis further enhance disease risk. As the inheritance is multifactorial, an affected individual’s family members are not necessarily at increased risk solely based on genetics, but consultation with a genetic counselor can provide additional insights.

Currently, management of hepatocellular carcinoma focuses on supportive care and symptom management, with treatment strategies tailored to the individual and determined by disease stage and overall health. Although complete surgical resection and liver transplantation are considered the most effective interventions for eligible patients, treatment planning depends on a thorough evaluation by a multidisciplinary oncology team. Options may include a combination of local therapies and systemic treatments to manage the disease. Patients should discuss treatment options with their healthcare team to determine which approach may be most appropriate for their specific situation, and genetic counseling may be recommended when there is concern of an inherited predisposition.

Outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma are highly variable, with the course of the disease depending on factors such as tumor stage, liver function, and overall patient health. While the condition can progress rapidly in the absence of treatment, many individuals benefit from a tailored, multidisciplinary treatment approach. Outcomes described in medical literature continue to evolve as standards of care improve. Given the variability in disease course, families may find it helpful to connect with specialists and genetic counselors to better understand their specific situation and available supportive resources.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is an active area of research, with numerous ongoing clinical trials investigating new treatment approaches. Individuals interested in emerging therapies are encouraged to search ClinicalTrials.gov or consult their care team regarding trial eligibility.