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Any type 1 interferonopathies in which the cause of the disease is a variation in the ADAR gene. Individuals with variants in ADAR can present with a variety of phenotypes, including Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome and dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria.
No HPO annotations are available for this condition.
In its most characteristic form, Aicardi-Goutires syndrome (AGS) can be considered an early-onset encephalopathy associated with significant intellectual and physical disability. Pregnancy, delivery, and the neonatal period are normal in approximately 80% of infants with Aicardi-Goutires syndrome (AGS) . However, brain calcifications can be identified in utero and 20% of cases, mainly those caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in TREX1, present at birth with abnormal neurologic findings, hepatosplenomegaly, elevated liver enzymes, and thrombocytopenia, a picture reminiscent of congenital infection. All other affected infants present at variable times after the first few weeks of life, frequently after a period of apparently normal development.
In its most characteristic form, Aicardi-Goutires syndrome (AGS) can be considered an early-onset encephalopathy associated with significant intellectual and physical disability.
Aicardi-Goutires syndrome (AGS) should be suspected in individuals with the following clinical, neuroimaging, and supportive laboratory findings [, , , ].
Clinical features
Encephalopathy and/or significant intellectual disability
No approved treatments are currently available for ADAR-related type 1 interferonopathy. The disease remains an area of unmet medical need.
To establish the extent of disease and needs in an individual diagnosed with Aicardi-Goutires syndrome (AGS), the following evaluations are recommended:
Developmental assessment
Surveillance includes the following:
Monitoring for signs of diabetes insipidus in the neonatal period
Assessment for glaucoma at least for the first few years of life
Monitoring of the spine for the development of scoliosis
No clinical trials have been registered for ADAR-related type 1 interferonopathy.
6 publications have been identified in PubMed for ADAR-related type 1 interferonopathy. Research spans Basic Science / Preclinical (50%), Other (17%), and Review / Meta-Analysis (17%).
Herrmann M (2026). [PMID: 41549280](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41549280/). *Genome biology*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Miller CM (2025). [PMID: 40693792](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40693792/). *mBio*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Malashicheva A (2025). [PMID: 40562487](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40562487/). *JACC. Basic to translational science*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Tamizkar KH (2025). [PMID: 39746751](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39746751/). *RNA (New York, N.Y.)*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Ashley CN (2024). [PMID: 38785511](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38785511/). *Current issues in molecular biology*. [Other]
Data assembled from 3 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 19, 2026, 6:54 PM UTC
Common questions about ADAR-related type 1 interferonopathy
Source: GeneReviews — "Aicardi-Goutires Syndrome"
Acquired microcephaly during the first year of life
Dystonia and spasticity
Sterile pyrexias
Hepatosplenomegaly
Chilblain lesions on the feet, hands, ears, and sometimes more generalized mottling of the skin. See .
Exclusion criteria include the following:
Source: GeneReviews — "Aicardi-Goutires Syndrome"
Calcification of the basal ganglia is a nonspecific finding seen in many diseases. However, in the context of an early-onset encephalopathy, conditions to consider include the following:
TORCH congenital infections are the most common conditions in the differential and the most important to rule out because misdiagnosis would result in erroneous counseling as to risk of recurrence.
Note: Other congenital infections, such as those associated with Zika and HIV, should also be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Source: GeneReviews — "Aicardi-Goutires Syndrome"
Ophthalmologic examination
EEG to evaluate for seizures, if suspected
Consultation with a clinical geneticist and/or genetic counselor
The following are appropriate:
Chest physiotherapy and vigorous treatment of respiratory complications
Attention to diet and method of feeding to assure adequate caloric intake
Management of seizures using standard protocols
Surveillance includes the following:
Monitoring for signs of diabetes insipidus in the neonatal period
Assessment for glaucoma at least for the first few years of life
Monitoring of the spine for the development of scoliosis
Monitoring for signs of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism
See for issues related to testing of at-risk relatives for genetic counseling purposes.
Research into the role of immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of AGS is ongoing . Search ClinicalTrials.gov in the US and EU Clinical Trials Register in Europe for access to information on clinical studies for a wide range of diseases and conditions.
Corticosteroids can lower the CSF concentration of interferon [PG Barth 2003, personal communication]; the clinical benefit of such t...
Source: GeneReviews — "Aicardi-Goutires Syndrome"
Research into the role of immunosuppressive agents in the treatment of AGS is ongoing . Search ClinicalTrials.gov in the US and EU Clinical Trials Register in Europe for access to information on clinical studies for a wide range of diseases and conditions.
Source: GeneReviews — "Aicardi-Goutires Syndrome"
View trials for ADAR-related type 1 interferonopathy
Monitoring for signs of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism
Source: GeneReviews — "Aicardi-Goutires Syndrome"
AI-curated news mentioning ADAR-related type 1 interferonopathy
Updated Jul 21, 2026
FDA approved Casgevy CRISPR gene therapy for children as young as 2 with sickle cell disease on July 1, 2026. Here's what families need to know about this milestone. Approximately 5,500 additional American children are now eligible for this established one-time therapy, according to Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Casgevy's developer. Casgevy also covers transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia in this new age indication. Sickle cell disease is a lifelong inherited blood disorder that warps red blood cells into stiff, crescent shapes that can block blood flow, starving organs and tissues of oxygen. The world's first CRISPR-based gene therapy has been approved for children as young as two years old, opening the possibility of a single, potentially curative treatment to thousands of American children with sickle cell disease before years of organ damage can narrow what medicine can do for them. Families with children aged 2 and older who have sickle cell disease should speak with their pediatric hematologist about whether Casgevy is appropriate to consider at this stage of their child's disease. Ask specifically which authorized treatment centers perform Casgevy in your region. Treatment is available only at specialized sites, and geographic access remains limited. Contact your child's insurance plan or Medicaid office to ask about coverage. Medicaid coverage for gene therapies varies by state, and some states have developed outcomes-based payment models for high-cost therapies. "With today's decision, pediatric patients as young as 2 years of age can now access a critical additional treatment option to treat these debilitating, life-threatening diseases," said Karim Mikhail, acting director of the Office of Therapeutic Products at the FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, according to the FDA press announcement. Casgevy is a non-viral, ex vivo CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited cell therapy.
A new treatment for children aged 2 or older with sickle cell disease has been approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration. In a press release on Wednesday, the FDA announced it had approved Casgevy, the first gene therapy for children with sickle cell disease. (NewsNation) — A new treatment for children aged 2 or older with sickle cell disease has been approved by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA). In a Wednesday news release, the FDA announced it had approved Casgevy, the first gene therapy for children with the disease. “Casgevy is a gene therapy consisting of the patient’s own (autologous) hematopoietic (blood) stem cells, administered as a one-time single dose for intravenous infusion,” the release noted. “Pediatric patients as young as 2 years of age can now access a critical additional treatment option to treat these debilitating, life-threatening diseases,” Karim Mikhail, the acting director of the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, wrote. “These disorders carry a heavy burden for children and their families, affecting growth, development, and long-term health in profound ways,” Megha Kaushal, acting deputy director of the Office of Therapeutic Products in CBER, said in the release.