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Data assembled from 6 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 19, 2026, 11:55 AM UTC
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
Common questions about combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 44
Organ System | Phenotype Count | Example Features |
|---|---|---|
Brain and nerves | 6 | Brain shrinkage (cerebral atrophy), Seizure, Global developmental delay |
Muscles | 2 | Brain shrinkage (cerebral atrophy), Generalized hypotonia |
Lab test results | 1 | Increased circulating lactate concentration |
Eyes | 1 | Nystagmus |
Heart and blood vessels | 1 | Thickened heart muscle (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) |
Arms and legs | 1 | Hyporeflexia of lower limbs |
Age of onset: adolescence, infancy, childhood.
FASTKD2-related combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency (FASTKD2-COXPD) is a multisystem disorder that can present from infancy to adulthood with developmental delay with regression that is often triggered by febrile illness and/or seizures. Additional neurologic findings include episodes of acute encephalomyopathy, abnormal muscle tone, movement disorder, and/or stroke-like episodes. Reported ocular manifestations include optic atrophy, nystagmus, strabismus, and visual impairment. Cardiac dysfunction (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrythmia), impaired kidney function, and hematologic abnormalities have all been reported. To date, 19 individuals have been identified with biallelic pathogenic variants in FASTKD2 [, , , , , , , , , , , , ]. Table 2. FASTKD2-Related Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency: Frequency of Select Features
Feature | Proportion of Persons w/Manifestation1 | Comment |
|---|---|---|
Seizures | 13/19 | — |
Chronic encephalomyopathy | 13/19 | Incl psychomotor regression |
Movement disorders | 9/19 | Dystonia, dyskinesia, tremor, ataxia |
Acute episodes of encephalomyopathy | 5/18 | — |
Developmental delay prior to onset of metabolic illness | 7/18 | — |
Optic atrophy | 6/17 | — |
Hypotonia | 4/17 | — |
Spasticity | 4/17 | Upper /or lower limb |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | 3/19 | — |
Chronic kidney disease | 3/19 | 1. Onset. The age of onset varies from early infancy to late adulthood (6 months to 42 years). However, most individuals presented in the first decade of life (13/19, 68.5%) and six individuals (46%) presented prior to age one year. Developmental delay and intellectual disability. |
Source: GeneReviews — "FASTKD2-Related Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency"
FASTKD2 encodes FAST kinase domains 2 (710 aa). Plays an important role in assembly of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit. Highest expression in Cells EBV-transformed lymphocytes (37.8 TPM) and Cells Cultured fibroblasts (37.7 TPM).
Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 44 is associated with mutations in the FASTKD2 gene on chromosome 2.
The FASTKD2 protein participates in mitochondrial pseudouridylation module and FASTK family proteins regulate processing and stability of mitochondrial RNAs pathways.
FASTKD2 is classified as a druggable target (Kinase category) with score 0.0.
No consensus clinical diagnostic criteria for FASTKD2-related combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency (FASTKD2-COXPD) have been published.
FASTKD2-COXPD should be suspected in probands with the following clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings and family history.
Clinical findings
Source: GeneReviews — "FASTKD2-Related Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency"
Phenotypic features associated with FASTKD2-related combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency (FASTKD2-COXPD) are not sufficiently characteristic or specific to allow clinical diagnosis of the disorder. For infants and children presenting with a phenotype characterized by chronic encephalomyopathy, epileptic encephalopathy, episodes of acute infection, or febrile illness-induced encephalopathy and neuroimaging findings suggestive of a mitochondrial disorder, the differential diagnosis is broad and should include:
Source: GeneReviews — "FASTKD2-Related Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency"
Genetic testing for FASTKD2 is available. Testing is considered confirmatory for diagnosis.
Biomarker and diagnostic research for combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 44 has been reported in the published literature.
No approved treatments are currently available for combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 44. The disease remains an area of unmet medical need.
Gene therapy approaches for combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 44 have been reported in the published literature.
No clinical practice guidelines for FASTKD2-related combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency (FASTKD2-COXPD) have been published. In the absence of published guidelines, the following recommendations are based on recommendations for primary mitochondrial disorders, available literature on FASTKD2-COXPD, and the authors' personal experience managing individuals with this disorder .
To establish the extent of disease and needs in an individual diagnosed with FASTKD2-COXPD, the evaluations summarized (if not performed as part of the evaluation that led to the diagnosis) are recommended.
Table 3.
FASTKD2-Related Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency: Recommended Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis
System/Concern | Evaluation | Comment
| Developmental assessment | • To incl motor, adaptive, cognitive, speech-language eval
Eval for early intervention/ special education
| • Neurologic eval
Brain MRI MR spectroscopy
EEG incl video EEG
|
Gastrointestinal/
Feeding/
| • Gastroenterology/ nutrition/ feeding team eval
Assess growth parameters.
| • To incl eval of aspiration risk nutritional status
Consider eval for gastrostomy tube placement in persons w/dysphagia /or aspiration risk.
Eye | • Ophthalmology eval to assess for refractive errors, strabismus, nystagmus
Fundus exam for optic atrophy
ERG as clinically indicated
|
| • Echocardiography
EKG w/24-hour Holter
Cardiac MRI
Source: GeneReviews — "FASTKD2-Related Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency"
View trials for combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 44
To monitor existing manifestations, the individual's response to supportive care, and the emergence of new manifestations, the evaluations summarized in are recommended. Table 7. FASTKD2-Related Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency: Recommended Surveillance
System/Concern | Evaluation | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
Development | Monitor developmental progress educational needs. | At each visit or as clinically indicated Neurologic |
Eyes | Ophthalmology eval | Every 6-12 mos or as recommended by ophthalmologist |
Cardiac | Blood pressure measurement | Annually or as clinically indicated EKG echocardiogram |
Hematologic | CBC | Annually or as clinically indicated Liver function |
Hearing | Audiologic eval | Every 1-2 yrs or as clinically indicated |
Source: GeneReviews — "FASTKD2-Related Combined Oxidative Phosphorylation Deficiency"
Phenotype severity distribution: 10 common features.
No clinical trials have been registered for combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 44.
35 publications have been identified in PubMed for combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 44. Research spans Basic Science / Preclinical (60%), Review / Meta-Analysis (14%), and Epidemiology / Natural History (9%).
Research Type | Count | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
Laboratory research | 21 | 60% |
Research summaries | 5 | 14% |
Disease patterns and progression | 3 | 9% |
Testing and diagnosis research | 2 | 6% |
Clinical study results | 2 | 6% |
Patient case studies | 1 | 3% |
New treatment approaches | 1 | 3% |
Li X (2026). [PMID: 41508025](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41508025/). *Respir Res*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Chan YT (2026). [PMID: 41151591](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41151591/). *Immunology*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Xue Y (2026). [PMID: 41591679](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41591679/). *Neotrop Entomol*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Hofling U (2026). [PMID: 41654915](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41654915/). *Fluids Barriers CNS*. [Diagnostic / Biomarker]
Torres-Moral T (2026). [PMID: 42047484](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42047484/). *J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Li X (2026). [PMID: 41719756](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41719756/). *Redox Biol*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Villafan-Bernal JR (2026). [PMID: 41614925](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41614925/). *Curr Issues Mol Biol*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Liu Y (2026). [PMID: 41070828](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41070828/). *Angew Chem Int Ed Engl*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Lin KY (2026). [PMID: 42009009](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42009009/). *Lancet Neurol*. [Clinical Trial Publication]
Lin Y (2025). [PMID: 40510834](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40510834/). *Mater Today Bio*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]