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Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare type of leukemia in which abnormal B-lymphocytes are present in the bone marrow, spleen and peripheral blood. It is a slowly progressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The name comes from the abnormally shaped lymphocytes with hair-like projections.
Biomarker and diagnostic research for hairy cell leukemia has been reported in the published literature.
2 FDA-approved treatments are available for hairy cell leukemia, including PENTOSTATIN (NIPENT, approved 1991) and CLADRIBINE (MAVENCLAD, approved 2019). An additional 2 compounds hold orphan drug designation.
Brand Name | Generic Name | Mechanism | Approved | Market Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimated prevalence: 1-9 in 100,000 (Uncommon).
30 clinical trials registered, 9 recruiting. Interventions under study include drug therapy, other interventions, biologic therapy, and procedural interventions. Pipeline includes 12 PHASE2, 8 PHASE1, 1 NA. Research is sponsored by a mix of industry and academic institutions.
NCT ID | Title | Phase | Sponsor | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
[NCT01087333](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01087333) |
Data assembled from 5 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 19, 2026, 4:29 PM UTC
European rare disease database
Genetic and Rare Diseases Info Center
MAVENCLAD |
CLADRIBINE |
— |
2019 |
Available |
NIPENT | PENTOSTATIN | — | 1991 | Available |
The following drugs have received orphan drug designation from the FDA for hairy cell leukemia. Orphan designation reflects regulatory interest and does not indicate approval for treatment.
Brand Name | Generic Name | Sponsor | Designated | Exclusivity End | Designation Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
vemurafenib | vemurafenib | Genentech, Inc. | 2014 | — | Withdrawn |
LUMOXITI | moxetumomab pasudotox-tdfk | AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP | 2007 | 2025 | Withdrawn |
vemurafenib is referenced in active clinical trials for hairy cell leukemia (designated 2014).
Gene therapy approaches for hairy cell leukemia have been reported in the published literature.
30 trials found
Collection of Human Samples to Study Hairy Cell and Other Leukemias, and to Develop Recombinant Immunotoxins for Cancer Treatment |
— |
National Cancer Institute (NCI) |
RECRUITING |
[NCT00412594](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00412594) | Cladribine and Rituximab in Treating Patients With Hairy Cell Leukemia | PHASE2 | M.D. Anderson Cancer Center | RECRUITING |
[NCT06965114](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06965114) | Testing the Combination of Anti-cancer Drugs, Tovorafenib Plus Rituximab, in Patients With Hairy Cell Leukemia | PHASE1 | National Cancer Institute (NCI) | RECRUITING |
[NCT06561360](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06561360) | A Study of Vemurafenib and Obinutuzumab Compared to Cladribine and Rituximab in People With Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL) | PHASE2 | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center | RECRUITING |
[NCT01137825](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01137825) | Registry of Older Patients With Cancer | — | UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center | RECRUITING |
125 publications have been identified in PubMed for hairy cell leukemia. Research spans Case Report / Case Series (37%), Review / Meta-Analysis (23%), and Epidemiology / Natural History (12%).
Research Type | Count | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
Patient case studies | 46 | 37% |
Research summaries | 28 | 23% |
Disease patterns and progression | 15 | 12% |
Other research | 11 | 9% |
Clinical study results | 10 | 8% |
Laboratory research | 5 | 4% |
New treatment approaches | 5 | 4% |
Testing and diagnosis research | 3 | 2% |
Chen Z (2026). [PMID: 42026747](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42026747/). *Anticancer Drugs*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Singi S (2026). [PMID: 41981246](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41981246/). *Commun Med (Lond)*. [Gene Therapy / Novel Therapeutics]
Zhang G (2026). [PMID: 41296002](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41296002/). *Blood Adv*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Blombery P (2026). [PMID: 41528825](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41528825/). *Leuk Lymphoma*. [Diagnostic / Biomarker]
Alameddine Z (2026). [PMID: 42005217](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42005217/). *Cureus*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Watrin T (2026). [PMID: 41048115](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41048115/). *Leuk Lymphoma*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Veiga LD (2026). [PMID: 41497420](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41497420/). *Cureus*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Rehman A (2026). [PMID: 42109837](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42109837/). *Case Rep Med*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Chen C (2026). [PMID: 41974312](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41974312/). *Hum Pathol*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Chandna S (2026). [PMID: 41552793](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41552793/). *Respir Med Case Rep*. [Case Report / Case Series]
AI-curated news mentioning hairy cell leukemia
Updated Sep 18, 2026
A case study highlights a disseminated Fusarium infection in a patient undergoing cladribine chemotherapy for hairy cell leukaemia. This finding underscores the potential infectious complications associated with immunosuppressive treatments.
A recent publication provides an update on the diagnosis, risk-stratification, and treatment of hairy cell leukemia, highlighting advancements in understanding the disease. This comprehensive review outlines current best practices and emerging therapies for managing this rare hematological condition.
Recent research indicates that BRAF V600E-mutated marginal zone lymphoma may share characteristics with hairy cell leukemia. This discovery could impact diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies for these overlapping conditions.