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Sickle cell anemias are chronic hemolytic diseases that may induce three types of acute accidents: severe anemia, severe bacterial infections, and ischemic vasoocclusive accidents (VOA) caused by sickle-shaped red blood cells obstructing small blood vessels and capillaries. Many diverse complications can occur.
Features include always present findings: Ongoing breakdown of red blood cells (chronic hemolytic anemia); and very common findings: Red blood cell destruction (hemolytic anemia), Recurrent infections, and Pain. 48 total HPO annotations.
Organ System | Phenotype Count | Example Features |
|---|---|---|
Blood and immune system | 16 | Recurrent bacterial infections, Red blood cell destruction (hemolytic anemia), Increased tendency for red blood cells to sickle (increased red cell sickling tendency) |
Digestive system | 9 | Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly), Cholelithiasis, Blocked blood flow in the spleen (splenic infarction) |
Heart and blood vessels | 7 | Stroke, Enlarged heart (cardiomegaly), Hypertension |
Kidneys and urinary system | 5 | Reduced kidney function (renal insufficiency), Blood in the urine (hematuria), Priapism |
Brain and nerves | 4 | Stroke, Pain, Nervous system problems (abnormality of the nervous system) |
Eyes | 3 | Damage to the retina (retinopathy), Hyphema, Retinal arterial occlusion |
Bones and joints | 3 | Weak and brittle bones (osteoporosis), Bone infection (osteomyelitis), Bone tissue death from poor blood supply (avascular necrosis) |
Lab test results | 3 | Elevated creatinine (kidney function marker) (elevated circulating creatinine concentration), High bilirubin levels (unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia), Elevated LDH (tissue damage marker) (increased circulating lactate dehydrogenase concentration) |
Lungs and breathing | 2 | Low blood oxygen levels (hypoxemia), High blood pressure in lung arteries (pulmonary arterial hypertension) |
Arms and legs | 1 | Painful, swollen finger (finger dactylitis) |
Skin | 1 | Skin ulcer |
The clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD) result from intermittent episodes of microvascular occlusion leading to tissue ischemia/reperfusion injury and chronic hemolysis, both of which contribute to multiorgan dysfunction. The severity of disease manifestations varies, even in individuals with the same HBB pathogenic variants. Vaso-occlusive events are associated with ischemia/reperfusion damage to tissues that lead to pain and acute or chronic injury affecting any organ system. The bones/marrow, spleen, liver, brain, lungs, kidneys, eyes, and joints are often affected. The biologic markers associated with the "vaso-occlusive phenotype" include the following :
Source: GeneReviews — "Sickle Cell Disease"
HBB encodes hemoglobin subunit beta (147 aa). Involved in oxygen transport from the lung to the various peripheral tissues Highest expression in Whole Blood (267,405 TPM) and Spleen (3,152 TPM).
Sickle cell disease is associated with mutations in the HBB gene on chromosome 11.
HBB is classified as a druggable target (Druggable Genome and Enzyme categories) with score 1.8.
Although a tremendous amount of individual variability occurs, individuals with Hb S/S and S/0-thalassemia are generally more severely affected than individuals with Hb S/C or S/+-thalassemia. Genetic factors that are responsible for this variability are being investigated . Individuals with Hb S/C have longer RBC life span and higher hemoglobin concentration associated with fewer vaso-occlusive pain episodes. Splenomegaly and the associated risk for splenic sequestration can persist well beyond early childhood. Proliferative retinopathy and avascular necrosis are more likely to develop than in those with other sickle hemoglobinopathies. The presence of alpha-thalassemia may modify SCD severity . In general, alpha-thalassemia improves RBC survival and decreases hemolysis in SCD.
Source: GeneReviews — "Sickle Cell Disease"
The term "sickle cell disease" (SCD) encompasses a group of disorders characterized by the presence of at least one hemoglobin S allele (HbS; in HBB) and a second HBB pathogenic variant resulting in abnormal hemoglobin polymerization. SCD (Hb S/S) caused by the homozygous HBB variant p.Glu6Val is the most common cause of SCD. SCD caused by compound heterozygous HBB pathogenic variants includes sickle-hemoglobin C disease (Hb S/C) and two types of sickle beta-thalassemia (Hb S/+-thalassemia and Hb S/0-thalassemia). Other HBB variants such as HbD and HbOArab result in severe forms of SCD when inherited with HbS, while HbE can lead to a milder form.
Source: GeneReviews — "Sickle Cell Disease"
The following diagnoses may be considered in an individual presenting with clinical features of sickle cell disease (SCD) who did not have access to newborn screening. Each of these conditions would be easily distinguished from SCD by the absence of hemoglobin S on hemoglobin assay.
Acute or chronic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
Osteomyelitis
Septic arthritis
Source: GeneReviews — "Sickle Cell Disease"
Sickle cell disease is included in newborn screening programs (Sickle Cell Disease) in all 50 states and 3 territories.
Genetic testing for HBB is available. Testing is considered confirmatory for diagnosis.
Biomarker and diagnostic research for sickle cell disease has been reported in the published literature.
5 FDA-approved treatments are available for sickle cell disease, including exagamglogene autotemcel (Casgevy, approved 2023), lovotibeglogene autotemcel (Lyfgenia, approved 2023), and HYDROXYUREA (XROMI, approved 2024). 2 previously approved treatments have been withdrawn from the market. An additional 59 compounds hold orphan drug designation.
Brand Name | Generic Name | Mechanism | Approved | Market Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
XROMI | HYDROXYUREA | Blocks Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase RR1 | 2024 | Available |
Casgevy | exagamglogene autotemcel | Gene Editing Negative Modulator of B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11A | 2023 | Available |
Lyfgenia | lovotibeglogene autotemcel | Exogenous Gene of Hemoglobin subunit beta | 2023 | Available |
FERRIPROX | DEFERIPRONE | Iron Chelating Activity | 2020 | Available |
OXBRYTA | VOXELOTOR | Enhances the activity of Hemoglobin HbA | 2019 | Withdrawn for safety reasons |
ADAKVEO | CRIZANLIZUMAB | Blocks P-selectin | 2019 | Withdrawn (insufficient effectiveness) |
SIKLOS | HYDROXYUREA | Blocks Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase RR1 | 2017 | Available |
ENDARI | GLUTAMINE | — | 2017 | Available |
DROXIA | HYDROXYUREA | Blocks Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase RR1 | 1967 | Available |
Safety Note: OXBRYTA (VOXELOTOR): Voluntarily withdrawn by Pfizer after post-marketing data showed higher mortality and vaso-occlusive crisis rates vs placebo.
Safety Note: ADAKVEO (CRIZANLIZUMAB): US approval voluntarily withdrawn by Novartis after Phase III STAND trial failed to show clinical benefit vs placebo. EMA and MHRA previously revoked approvals.
The following drugs have received orphan drug designation from the FDA for sickle cell disease. Orphan designation reflects regulatory interest and does not indicate approval for treatment.
Brand Name | Generic Name | Sponsor | Designated | Exclusivity End | Designation Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
fetal hemoglobin activator cereblon (CRBN) E3 ligase-modulating drug | fetal hemoglobin activator cereblon (CRBN) E3 ligase-modulating drug | Bristol-Myers Squibb | 2025 | — | Designated |
(lE, 6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6- heptadiene-3,5-dione) | (lE, 6E)-1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6- heptadiene-3,5-dione) | Vascarta Inc. | 2025 | — | Designated |
FDA adverse event reports (FAERS) include all outcomes reported during treatment and do not establish causation. Report counts reflect all approved indications for each drug, not only this disease.
20,657 adverse event reports have been filed with the FDA for HYDROXYUREA (across all indications). Most commonly reported: alopecia, dizziness, and abdominal discomfort.
22 adverse event reports have been filed with the FDA for exagamglogene autotemcel (across all indications). Most commonly reported: sickle cell anaemia with crisis, abdominal pain, and device related thrombosis.
9 adverse event reports have been filed with the FDA for lovotibeglogene autotemcel (across all indications). Most commonly reported: mucosal inflammation, ageusia, and alopecia.
Management guidelines for sickle cell disease (SCD) have been published [, , , , , , , , ]; see also the American College of Emergency Physicians guideline available online.
To establish the extent of end-organ damage and needs in an individual diagnosed with SCD, the evaluations summarized (if not performed as part of the evaluation that led to the diagnosis) are recommended.
Table 3.
Recommended Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis in Individuals with Sickle Cell Disease
System/Concern | Evaluation | Comment
| Hematologist consultation |
CBC reticulocyte count
Measurement of HbF (%)
Thalassemia testing: hemoglobin electrophoresis or HPLC inclusion body prep
RBC genotyping so that antigen-matched blood may be given if transfusion is urgently needed
| • Baseline laboratory studies should be done in infants ≥12 mos
During childhood HLA typing should be offered to affected person all full sibs that are unaffected or carry a hemoglobin trait.
Education for individuals with SCD involves learning how to control one's environment to minimize the chance of exacerbations. Environmental controls include avoiding the following:
Dehydration
Extremes of temperature (e.g., swimming in cold water, which can trigger a pain episode)
Physical exhaustion
Extremely high altitude without oxygen supplementation
Trauma
Infection
Cocaine. While alcohol and illegal drugs are never endorsed, cocaine and its derivatives, with their vasoconstrictive and cardiac stimulation effects, are particularly dangerous drugs in the setting of SCD.
The analgesic meperidine, which should be avoided as first-line therapy because of potential central nervous system toxicity
Source: GeneReviews — "Sickle Cell Disease"
Increased understanding of SCD pathophysiology has led to the development of drugs that target different pathways as well as attempts to improve medications currently in use. While not comprehensive, several promising agents targeting different pathways are presented here, with emphasis on those that are in Phase II/III clinical trials [, , , ]. Allosteric changes in hemoglobin to decrease HbS polymerization. HbS polymerizes in the T (tense) conformation associated with deoxygenation, but not the R (relaxed) conformation associated with oxygenation. The drug voxelotor (withdrawn from the market in 2024; see FDA Alert) binds a subpopulation of hemoglobin leading to a conformational change stabilizing the R state, decreasing polymerization, increasing hemoglobin, and decreasing hemolysis.
Source: GeneReviews — "Sickle Cell Disease"
294 trials found
Affected individuals should be seen routinely for evaluation of SCD-related comorbidities. Surveillance should be tailored to an individual's specific genotype and clinical history. Routine age-dependent screening allows for early detection and treatment of end-organ damage. While the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in the US released guidelines for surveillance, the recommendations are not complete, and some have been modified since publication. The American Society of Hematology has been developing multiple sets of guidelines, but gaps remain, especially for genotypes other than Hb S/S and Hb S/0-thalassemia. The following are general guidelines compiled from several sources (see also ). Table 5. Recommended Surveillance for Individuals with Sickle Cell Disease
System/Concern | Evaluation1 | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
Hematology | CBC w/differential reticulocyte count | Annually as needed RBC genotyping (or phenotyping if needed urgently) so that antigen-matched blood may be given if transfusion is needed |
cerebral infarcts | Transcranial Doppler | Annually from age 2-16 yrs in all children w/Hb S/S Hb S/0-thalassemia; Children w/normal velocities require ongoing annual eval. Developmental assessment |
lung disease | PFTs | In those w/history of ... |
Source: GeneReviews — "Sickle Cell Disease"
Phenotype severity distribution: 1 always present feature, 3 very common features, 13 common features.
Estimated prevalence: 1-5 in 10,000 (Uncommon).
294 clinical trials registered, 145 recruiting. Interventions under study include other interventions, drug therapy, biologic therapy, and medical devices. Pipeline includes 11 PHASE4, 21 PHASE3, 47 PHASE2. Research is sponsored by a mix of industry and academic institutions.
NCT ID | Title | Phase | Sponsor | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
[NCT07187973](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07187973) | A Phase 1b, Open-Label Study of DISC-3405 in Participants With Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) | PHASE1 | Disc Medicine, Inc | RECRUITING |
[NCT06358638](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06358638) | Sickle Cell Disease Transplant Using a Nonmyeloablative Approach for Patients With Anti-donor Red Cell Antibody | PHASE2 | Children's National Research Institute | RECRUITING |
[NCT06941389](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06941389) | Comparing the Effectiveness of Matched Related Donor Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation to Disease Modifying Therapy in Pediatric Patients With Sickle Cell Disease | — | University of Rochester | RECRUITING |
[NCT03214354](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03214354) | Nonmyeloablative Stem Cell Transplant in Children With Sickle Cell Disease and a Major ABO-Incompatible Matched Sibling Donor | PHASE2 | University of Calgary | RECRUITING |
[NCT05799118](https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05799118) | Study of the Role of Genetic Modifiers in Hemoglobinopathies | — | Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics | RECRUITING |
500 publications have been identified in PubMed for sickle cell disease. Research spans Review / Meta-Analysis (26%), Epidemiology / Natural History (20%), and Case Report / Case Series (11%).
Research Type | Count | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
Research summaries | 130 | 26% |
Disease patterns and progression | 102 | 20% |
Patient case studies | 55 | 11% |
Clinical study results | 51 | 10% |
Laboratory research | 48 | 10% |
Other research | 46 |
Prasad A (2026). [PMID: 41934414](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41934414/). *Indian J Med Res*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Petti TA (2026). [PMID: 42194163](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42194163/). *Children (Basel)*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Beltrán-Camacho L (2026). [PMID: 41794379](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41794379/). *Mol Metab*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Bello-Manga H (2026). [PMID: 42665434](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42665434/). *Am J Hematol*. [Clinical Trial Publication]
Popp NA (2026). [PMID: 42705820](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42705820/). *Transfus Med Rev*. [Clinical Trial Publication]
Dave K (2026). [PMID: 41834920](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41834920/). *J Public Health Res*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Cicka D (2026). [PMID: 42692916](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42692916/). *Semin Hematol*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Wang X (2026). [PMID: 42859572](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42859572/). *EJHaem*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Msonde SE (2026). [PMID: 42568239](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42568239/). *Biomed Res Int*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Morin J (2026). [PMID: 41811585](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41811585/). *Mol Imaging Biol*. [Diagnostic / Biomarker]
Data assembled from 10 of 12 sources · Last updated Nov 2, 2026, 6:00 AM UTC
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autologous CD34+ cell therapy comprised of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells base edited with one guide RNA and a single messenger RNA encoding an adenine base editor
autologous CD34+ cell therapy comprised of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells base edited with one guide RNA and a single messenger RNA encoding an adenine base editor |
Beam Therapeutics |
2025 |
— |
Designated |
rilzabrutinib | rilzabrutinib | Sanofi US Services Inc. | 2025 | — | Designated |
(8'-hydroxy-6'-oxo-3'-phenyl-6'H-spiro[cyclopentyl-1,5'-indolazine]-7'-carbonyl) glycine | (8'-hydroxy-6'-oxo-3'-phenyl-6'H-spiro[cyclopentyl-1,5'-indolazine]-7'-carbonyl) glycine | KIND Pharmaceuticals LLC | 2024 | — | Designated |
ex vivo manufactured allogeneic red blood cells derived from hematopoietic progenitor cells | ex vivo manufactured allogeneic red blood cells derived from hematopoietic progenitor cells | Safi Biotherapeutics, Inc. | 2024 | — | Designated |
pyrindinyl benzaldehyde | pyrindinyl benzaldehyde | Illexcor Therapeutics, LLC | 2024 | — | Designated |
l-arginine | l-arginine | Emory University | 2024 | — | Designated |
Beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide | Beta-nicotinamide mononucleotide | Nuvamid SA | 2023 | — | Designated |
a recombinant, humanized single variable domain on a heavy chain (VHH) bispecific antibody that binds with high affinity to human properdin and human serum albumin | a recombinant, humanized single variable domain on a heavy chain (VHH) bispecific antibody that binds with high affinity to human properdin and human serum albumin | Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | 2023 | — | Designated |
Autologous CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells edited by CRISPR/CAS12a at the HBG1 and HBG2 promoters | Autologous CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells edited by CRISPR/CAS12a at the HBG1 and HBG2 promoters | Editas Medicine, Inc. | 2023 | — | Withdrawn |
2-[(1,3-Benzoxazol-2-yl)amino]-N-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5- carboxamide monophosphate | 2-[(1,3-Benzoxazol-2-yl)amino]-N-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl]-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5- carboxamide monophosphate | Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc. | 2022 | — | Withdrawn |
15(S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z)-eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (15(S)-HEPE-EE) | 15(S)-hydroxy-(5Z,8Z,11Z,13E,17Z)-eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (15(S)-HEPE-EE) | Afimmune | 2022 | — | Designated |
Inclacumab | Inclacumab | Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc. | 2022 | — | Designated |
(S)-2-hydroxy-6-((4-(2-(2-hydroxyethyl)nicotinoyl)morpholin- 3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde | (S)-2-hydroxy-6-((4-(2-(2-hydroxyethyl)nicotinoyl)morpholin- 3-yl)methoxy)benzaldehyde | Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc. | 2022 | — | Designated |
naproxcinod | naproxcinod | Fera Pharmaceuticals, LLC | 2022 | — | Designated |
Pociredir | Pociredir | Fulcrum Therapeutics, Inc. | 2022 | — | Designated |
autologous CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with a HBB gene corrected by CRISPR/Cas9 in combination with a gcSCD-AAV6 vector | autologous CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with a HBB gene corrected by CRISPR/Cas9 in combination with a gcSCD-AAV6 vector | Graphite Bio, Inc. | 2021 | — | Designated |
ferroportin inhibitor | ferroportin inhibitor | Vifor Pharma, Inc. | 2021 | — | Designated |
mitapivat | mitapivat | Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | 2020 | — | Designated |
Rifaximin | Rifaximin | Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (a division of Bausch Health US, LLC) | 2020 | — | Designated |
L-citrulline | L-citrulline | Asklepion Pharmaceuticals, LLC | 2020 | — | Designated |
rADAMTS13 / apadamtase alfa (INN) | rADAMTS13 / apadamtase alfa (INN) | Takeda Pharmaceuticals U.S.A., Inc. | 2020 | — | Designated |
Hemopexin (Human) | Hemopexin (Human) | CSL Behring | 2020 | — | Designated |
a recombinant humanized Fc effector function null IgG1 antibody with kappa light chains (IgG1) that selectively binds to E-selectin to inhibit binding to cellular proteins containing carbohydrate structures with a sialyl Lewis X (sLex) deter | a recombinant humanized Fc effector function null IgG1 antibody with kappa light chains (IgG1) that selectively binds to E-selectin to inhibit binding to cellular proteins containing carbohydrate structures with a sialyl Lewis X (sLex) deter | Pfizer Inc. | 2020 | — | Withdrawn |
Sodium Nitrite | Sodium Nitrite | AdimaBio LLC | 2020 | — | Designated |
etavopivat | etavopivat | FORMA Therapeutics, Inc. | 2020 | — | Designated |
Autologous CD34+ cells transduced with gamma globin lentiviral vector | Autologous CD34+ cells transduced with gamma globin lentiviral vector | Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center | 2020 | — | Designated |
Autologous CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells transfected with zinc finger nuclease messenger RNAs SB-mRENH1 and SB-mRENH2 | Autologous CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells transfected with zinc finger nuclease messenger RNAs SB-mRENH1 and SB-mRENH2 | Sangamo Therapeutics, Inc. | 2019 | — | Designated |
olinciguat | olinciguat | Cyclerion Therapeutics, Inc. | 2018 | — | Withdrawn |
sirolimus | sirolimus | Rare Partners srl Impresa Sociale | 2018 | — | Designated |
6-[(3S,4S-4-methyl-1-(pyrimidin-2-ylmethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]-3-tetrahydropyran-4-yl-7H-imadazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-8-one | 6-[(3S,4S-4-methyl-1-(pyrimidin-2-ylmethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl]-3-tetrahydropyran-4-yl-7H-imadazo[1,5-a]pyrazin-8-one | Imara Inc. | 2017 | — | Withdrawn |
dodecafluoropentane emulsion | dodecafluoropentane emulsion | NuvOx Pharma | 2016 | — | Designated |
prasugrel hydrochloride | prasugrel hydrochloride | Eli Lilly | 2015 | — | Designated |
docosahexaenoic acid | docosahexaenoic acid | Micelle BioPharma, Inc. | 2015 | — | Designated |
sevuparin | sevuparin | Modus Therapeutics | 2015 | — | Designated |
pegylated carboxyhemoglobin bovine | pegylated carboxyhemoglobin bovine | Prolong Pharmaceuticals, LLC | 2015 | — | Designated |
6-((3S,4S)-4-Methyl-1-pyrimidin-2-ylmethyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl-1-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-1,5-dihydro-pryazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one | 6-((3S,4S)-4-Methyl-1-pyrimidin-2-ylmethyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl-1-(tetrahydro-pyran-4-yl)-1,5-dihydro-pryazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-one | Cardurion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | 2014 | — | Withdrawn |
human haptoglobin | human haptoglobin | BioProducts Laboratory Limited | 2013 | — | Designated |
recombinant humanized IgG1k monoclonal antibody to human invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) | recombinant humanized IgG1k monoclonal antibody to human invariant T cell receptor (iTCR) | NKT Therapeutics, Inc. | 2013 | — | Designated |
extract of sorghum bicolor extract | extract of sorghum bicolor extract | Invenux, LLC | 2012 | — | Designated |
carbon monoxide | carbon monoxide | Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. | 2012 | — | Designated |
pentosan polysulfate sodium | pentosan polysulfate sodium | TRF Pharma, Inc. | 2008 | — | Designated |
sodium 2, 2 dimethylbutyrate | sodium 2, 2 dimethylbutyrate | HemaQuest Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | 2008 | — | Designated |
5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde | 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfuraldehyde | Baxalta US, Inc. | 2006 | — | Designated |
oral unfractionated heparin | oral unfractionated heparin | TRF Technologies, Inc. | 2004 | — | Designated |
niprisan | niprisan | Xechem International, Inc. | 2003 | — | Designated |
decitabine | decitabine | Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & | 2002 | — | Withdrawn |
N-[4-bromo-2-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl]-N'-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea | N-[4-bromo-2-(1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl]-N'-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea | NeuroSearch A/S | 2002 | — | Withdrawn |
Bis(4-fluorophenyl)phenylacetamide | Bis(4-fluorophenyl)phenylacetamide | ICAgen Inc. | 2000 | — | Designated |
deferoxamine starch conjugate | deferoxamine starch conjugate | Biomedical Frontiers, Inc. | 1998 | — | Designated |
Clotrimazole | Clotrimazole | Brugnara, Carlo M.D. | 1995 | — | Designated |
Arginine butyrate | Arginine butyrate | Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc. | 1994 | — | Withdrawn |
Isobutyramide | Isobutyramide | Alpha Therapeutic Corporation | 1994 | — | Designated |
Polymeric oxygen | Polymeric oxygen | Capmed USA | 1992 | — | Designated |
Synthetic derivative of 16-hydroxy-9Z, 12Z, 14E-octadecatrienoic acid | Synthetic derivative of 16-hydroxy-9Z, 12Z, 14E-octadecatrienoic acid | Omex International, Inc. | 1991 | — | Designated |
poloxamer 188 (purified) | poloxamer 188 (purified) | Mast Therapeutics Inc. | 1989 | — | Designated |
Cetiedil citrate injection | Cetiedil citrate injection | Baker Cummins Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | 1988 | — | Withdrawn |
substituted benzaldehyde that binds to the oxy-conformation of Hb between amino terminal residues of the alpha-subunits | substituted benzaldehyde that binds to the oxy-conformation of Hb between amino terminal residues of the alpha-subunits | Burroughs Wellcome Company | 1987 | — | Withdrawn |
| • Serum vitamin D level
Kidney function tests (BUN, serum creatinine, urinalysis, urine microalbumin)
| • Assessment of iron status (ferritin, TIBC, % saturation)
Liver function tests (ALT, direct indirect bilirubin, LDH)
Genetic
counseling | By genetics professionals1 | To obtain a pedigree inform affected persons families re nature, MOI, implications of SCD or other hemoglobinopathy they are at risk for to facilitate medical personal decision making
Family support
Source: GeneReviews — "Sickle Cell Disease"
New treatment approaches | 43 | 9% |
Testing and diagnosis research | 25 | 5% |
AI-curated news mentioning sickle cell disease
Updated Oct 30, 2026
This global trial is designed to demonstrate the clinical benefit of mitapivat on reducing transfusion burden in patients with sickle cell disease aged 12 years or older. About Mitapivat in Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease is a rare, inherited blood disorder in which abnormal hemoglobin ... This global trial is designed to demonstrate the clinical benefit of mitapivat on reducing transfusion burden in patients with sickle cell disease aged 12 years or older. About Mitapivat in Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease is a rare, inherited blood disorder in which abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped, leading to chronic hemolysis (red blood cell destruction) that contributes to severe anemia and progressive, life-threatening complications, including damage to the lungs, kidneys, and heart. P-gp Substrates: Monitor patients for adverse reactions of the substrates with narrow therapeutic index. Hepatic Impairment Avoid use of AQVESME in patients with cirrhosis (Child-Pugh Class A, B, or C). Please see full Prescribing Information for AQVESME, including Boxed Warning. About Agios: Fueled by Connections to Transform Rare Diseases™ At Agios, our vision is to redefine the future of rare disease treatment. On October 19, 2026, Agios submitted its response, which included approximately nine months of updated safety data through October 9, 2026, from the ongoing open-label extension periods of the RISE UP Phase 2 and Phase 3 trials. With this additional follow-up, there continue to be no cases of hepatocellular injury (HCI) among patients with sickle cell disease treated with mitapivat that show a pattern and severity similar to those observed in the clinical trials for mitapivat in adults with thalassemia. About the RISE UP Phase 3 Trial The global RISE UP Phase 3 trial (NCT05031780) was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of mitapivat in patients with sickle cell disease aged 16 years or older, representative of the global population. The trial design encompassed a 52-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled period, in which 207 participants were randomized 2:1 to receive oral mitapivat (100 mg) twice daily (n=138) or matched-placebo (n=69), followed by an open-label extension (OLE) period, during which all participants receive mitapivat. To evaluate the effect of mitapivat o
Early modeling put sickle cell gene therapy coverage near 11 cents per member per month. Cell and gene therapies (CGTs) are spreading beyond oncology and rare diseases, but the way health plans pay for them has not kept pace. On portability, he said, “all of these costs for gene therapies are up front, but the savings that might come from these potentially curative medical miracles actually don’t accrue for years afterwards,” and 1 in 5 Americans leave their health plan each year. Regarding administration, he said over half of patients with sickle cell disease do not live in the same metro area as an authorized treatment center, and manufacturing capacity may be as low as 1 to 2 patients per year. States must publish coverage criteria, pay separately for the therapy, reimburse at least the acquisition cost, and contract with a qualified treatment center, including out of state, if needed. Singh said CMS announced on October 27 a request for applications to add other therapies.7 The model is “a great step forward in terms of helping address some of the challenges with financing CGTs. But I wouldn’t say that it addresses everything.” · During the audience question-and-answer period, Singh said sickle cell disease’s lifetime direct medical costs may run $2 million to $6 million,8 so “lifetime costs of care are relevant when putting the price of gene therapy in context.” Asked whether manufacturing efficiencies could cut costs, he said, “Whether that yields sort of list price reductions, I’m not so sure. rare disease leading. Immunology, neurology, sensory, and cardiovascular indications are expanding, and “the need for health plans to have financing and reimbursement pathways grows as the number of patients who are potentially treated by these gene therapies also grows.”
Cardiologists who study gene therapy explain its promise, risks and the safeguards needed for responsible use. Early successes in gene therapy have focused on these rare disorders, such as spinal muscular atrophy and sickle cell disease. Gene therapy is no longer the future of medicine — it’s reality. Treatments that replace, silence or edit genes are already changing clinical care. There are more than 6,000 rare genetic disorders but only a fraction currently have treatable targets. Current gene therapies target somatic cells, meaning any genetic changes are not intended to be passed to future generations. Murthy: For rare, severe diseases, the case can be relatively straightforward: The unmet need is high, and patients may have few or no effective alternatives. Some currently available gene therapies have list prices exceeding $1 million per patient, with several priced substantially higher. While a one-time therapy may make sense for a rare, life-threatening disease, similar pricing models would be difficult to sustain for conditions affecting millions of people.
Mehmet Oz, who leads the Centers ... for rare diseases. Oz was joined by Cleveland Clinic CEO Dr. Tomislav Mihaljevic, acting FDA Commissioner Kyle Diamantas and CMS Deputy Administrator Abe Sutton, according to Ideastream. The venue was no accident: Cleveland Clinic has led research initiatives using gene therapies for inherited blood disorders including sickle cell anemia and ... Mehmet Oz, who leads the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, visited Cleveland to explain federal guidelines easing gene therapy approval for rare diseases. Oz was joined by Cleveland Clinic CEO Dr. Tomislav Mihaljevic, acting FDA Commissioner Kyle Diamantas and CMS Deputy Administrator Abe Sutton, according to Ideastream. The venue was no accident: Cleveland Clinic has led research initiatives using gene therapies for inherited blood disorders including sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, putting it at the center of a national conversation about how to get these treatments to patients faster and cheaper. Cleveland Clinic just became ground zero for a federal plan to speed up pricey gene therapies. Federal officials visited Cleveland Clinic to outline plans speeding gene-therapy approvals and reshaping Medicaid pricing for rare diseases. Thirty-three states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico have signed agreements to participate in the Cell and Gene Therapy Access Model, according to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, and the program could run for as long as 11 years. Oz said the initiative would give states with relatively few rare-disease patients access to better drug-maker pricing, and that federal guidelines would speed gene-therapy approvals while making the resulting care easier for Medicaid patients to access, per the account relayed by Ideastream.
CMS is planning to open the Cell and Gene Therapy Access model to allow centralized outcomes-based contracting for gene therapies in the Medicaid program, but while the current sickle cell disease program is growing rapidly, the success may be difficult to emulate. CMS is planning to open the Cell and Gene Therapy Access model to allow centralized outcomes-based contracting for gene therapies in the Medicaid program, but while the current sickle cell disease program is growing rapidly, the success may be difficult to emulate. CMMI is preparing for another sickle cell treatment to enter the Cell And Gene Therapy Access Model. NervGen's RESTORE trial, which dosed its first patient Oct. 12, is a rare pivotal spinal cord injury study built on the patient-informed functional primary endpoint GRASSP as sponsors look beyond motor-based outcomes. ... The FDA's drugs and biologics center directors said lessons from the rare disease “mindset shift” could be leveraged for chronic condition drug development, especially where patient subsets can be identified. 27 that the Cell and Gene Therapy Access Model will move to include non-sickle cell treatments. The US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services will soon open its Cell and Gene Therapy Access Model to non-sickle... Derrick Gingery and the team bring you a weekly "Drug Fix". Share current article via EmailShare current article via TwitterShare current article via LinkedIn ... Stemirac set to make first successful transition from conditional to full approval for a cell therapy in Japan, but faces commercial challenges.