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Features include always present findings: Hearing loss (hearing impairment), Intellectual disability, and Midface retrusion; and very common findings: Brachydactyly, Seizure, Short nose, and Developmental cataract. 41 total HPO annotations.
Organ System | Phenotype Count | Example Features |
|---|---|---|
Brain and nerves | 4 | Seizure, Intellectual disability, Brain shrinkage (cerebral atrophy) |
Head and neck | 4 | Craniofacial asymmetry, Flat face, Thin upper lip vermilion |
Ears | 2 | Hearing loss (hearing impairment), Inner ear hearing loss (sensorineural hearing impairment) |
Eyes | 2 | Developmental cataract, Ptosis |
Growth and development | 1 | Short stature |
Heart and blood vessels | 1 | Pericarditis |
Muscles | 1 | Brain shrinkage (cerebral atrophy) |
Arms and legs | 1 | Tapered finger |
Skin | 1 | Nail dystrophy |
Age of onset: infancy.
Individuals with Aym-Gripp syndrome frequently have the triad of bilateral early cataracts, sensorineural hearing loss, and dysmorphic features that are often described as "Down syndrome-like" facies [, , , ]. To date, 21 affected individuals from 19 families have been reported . Clinical features in these individuals are summarized in . Table 2. Features of Aym-Gripp Syndrome
Feature | # of Personsw/Feature | Comment |
|---|---|---|
Cataract | 21/21 | Often congenital but may be noted as late as young adulthood |
Characteristic facial features | 20/21 | — |
MAF encodes MAF bZIP transcription factor (373 aa). Acts as a transcriptional activator or repressor. Involved in embryonic lens fiber cell development. Highest expression in Ovary (81.0 TPM) and Skin Sun Exposed Lower leg (79.4 TPM).
Ayme-Gripp syndrome is associated with mutations in the MAF gene on chromosome 16.
The MAF protein participates in GATA3, CHD4, EP300, NFATC2 (NFAT1), FOS:JUN (AP-1), KLF13, and MAF bind the IL4 gene pathway.
MAF is classified as a druggable target (Clinically Actionable, Enzyme, and Transcription Factor categories) with score 0.0.
For this disorder, penetrance is felt to be 100%; however, there is variability in presentation as illustrated by a report from and in which an affected mother had a substantially milder phenotype than her child.
Source: GeneReviews — "Aym-Gripp Syndrome"
Aym-Gripp syndrome is classically defined as the triad of cataract, sensorineural hearing loss, and characteristic facial features in combination with neurodevelopmental abnormalities . Formal clinical diagnostic criteria for Aym-Gripp syndrome have not been established.
Aym-Gripp syndrome should be suspected in individuals with the following major and minor clinical features and imaging findings.
Major clinical features
Source: GeneReviews — "Aym-Gripp Syndrome"
Table 4. Disorders to Consider in the Differential Diagnosis of Aym-Gripp Syndrome
DiffDx Disorder | Gene(s) | MOI | Key Clinical Features of Differential Diagnosis Disorder |
|---|---|---|---|
COL11A2 | ADAR1 | Cataract; Midface hypoplasia; Short stature; SNHL | Absence of congenital radio ulnar synostosis, pericardial effusion, ID/DD; Distinct facial features (incl malar hypoplasia, broad or flat nasal bridge, micro/retrognathia) Myhre syndrome |
SMAD4 | AD |
Genetic testing for MAF is available. Testing is considered confirmatory for diagnosis.
No approved treatments are currently available for Ayme-Gripp syndrome. The disease remains an area of unmet medical need.
Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis To establish the extent of disease and needs in an individual diagnosed with Aym-Gripp syndrome, the evaluations summarized (if not performed as part of the evaluation that led to the diagnosis) are recommended. Table 5. Recommended Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis in Individuals with Aym-Gripp Syndrome
System/Concern | Evaluation | Comment |
|---|---|---|
Ears | Audiologic exam | To evaluate for hearing loss |
Eyes | Ophthalmologic exam | To evaluate for cataracts vision |
Development | Developmental assessment | To incl motor, adaptive, cognitive, speech/language eval; Eval for early intervention / special education |
Psychiatric | Neuropsychiatric eval | In persons age 12 mos: screen for traits suggestive of ASD. |
Neurologic | Neurologic eval | To incl EEG consideration of brain MRI if seizures are suspected |
Skeletal | Consider radiographs of forearm, hand/foot, elbow, chest, spine, pelvis. | To assess for radioulnar synostosis, carpal/tarsal bone defects, radial/femoral head dislocation, pathologic fractures, scoliosis |
Cardiac | Echocardiogram | To assess for pericardial effusion congenital heart defects |
Dental | Dental eval | To assess for oligodontia other dental anomalies |
Endocrine | Thyroid function tests1 | To assess for hypothyroidism, particularly in those w/poor growth velocity Miscellaneous/ |
Other | Consultation w/clinical geneticist /or genetic counselor | To incl genetic counseling Family supports/resources |
Treatment of Manifestations in Individuals with Aym-Gripp Syndrome Manifestation/Concern | Treatment | Considerations/Other |
Sensorineural hearing loss | Hearing aids may be helpful as per otolaryngologist.1 | Community hearing services through early intervention or school district |
Cataracts / Refractive error | Surgical intervention eye glasses as per ophthalmologist | Consideration of early intervention to help stimulate visual development |
DD/ID | See . | — |
Seizures | Standardized treatment w/ASM by experienced neurologist. | Many different ASMs may be effective; none has been demonstrated effective specifically for this disorder.; Education of parents/caregivers2 |
Joint limitations | PT in children adults w/milder joint limitations involving knees, fingers, hips | Consider chondrolysis need for hip replacement in young adults. |
Scoliosis | Standard treatment as per orthopedist | — |
Congenital heart defects / Pericardial effusion | Standard treatment as per cardiologist | — |
Oligodontia | Standard treatment as per orthodontist | — |
Hypothyroidism | Standard treatment as per endocrinologist | ASM = anti-seizure medication; DD = developmental delay; ID = intellectual disability; PT = physical therapy 1. Cochlear implant has been used to treat severe hearing loss on occasion. Education of parents/caregivers regarding common seizure presentations is appropriate. |
Source: GeneReviews — "Aym-Gripp Syndrome"
Search ClinicalTrials.gov in the US and EU Clinical Trials Register in Europe for access to information on clinical studies for a wide range of diseases and conditions. Note: There may not be clinical trials for this disorder.
Source: GeneReviews — "Aym-Gripp Syndrome"
View trials for Ayme-Gripp syndrome
Table 7. Recommended Surveillance for Individuals with Aym-Gripp Syndrome
System/Concern | Evaluation | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
Ears | Routine audiologic evals monitoring of hearing aid function | At least annually; more frequently as clinically indicated Eyes |
Development | Monitor developmental progress educational needs. | At each visit Neurologic |
Dental | Dental eval | Every 6 mos |
Endocrine | Monitoring of thyroid function | As clinically indicated |
Source: GeneReviews — "Aym-Gripp Syndrome"
Phenotype severity distribution: 3 always present features, 4 very common features, 9 common features.
No clinical trials have been registered for Ayme-Gripp syndrome.
8 publications have been identified in PubMed for Ayme-Gripp syndrome. Research spans Case Report / Case Series (50%), Review / Meta-Analysis (25%), and Epidemiology / Natural History (13%).
Ates K (2026). [PMID: 42204957](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42204957/). *Dev Neurobiol*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Hara M (2026). [PMID: 41578711](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41578711/). *Congenital anomalies*. [Gene Therapy / Novel Therapeutics]
Chauhan M (2026). [PMID: 42074498](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42074498/). *Genes (Basel)*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Xu J (2026). [PMID: 42219244](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42219244/). *J Int Med Res*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Schraivogel S (2025). [PMID: 40301235](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40301235/). *European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Pascolini G (2024). [PMID: 38131236](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38131236/). *The Journal of dermatology*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Esposito A (2024). [PMID: 38709155](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38709155/). *American journal of medical genetics. Part A*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Zheng Z (2024). [PMID: 39534424](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39534424/). *The application of clinical genetics*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Data assembled from 7 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 19, 2026, 1:57 PM UTC
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
European rare disease database
Common questions about Ayme-Gripp syndrome
Sensorineural hearing loss
20/21 |
Typically congenital |
DD / Cognitive impairment | 20/21 | Degree of cognitive impairment is highly variable. |
Skeletal defects | 20/21 | Variably affecting skull, hip, limbs |
Postnatal short stature | 17/21 | — |
Seizure disorder | 15/21 | — |
Nonspecific brain anomalies on imaging | 12/21 | — |
Joint limitations | 12/21 | — |
Pericardial effusion | 8/21 | Characteristic facial features. Dysmorphic facial features typically include brachycephaly (~80%), flat facial profile, midface retrusion, short nose, long philtrum, thin vermilion of the upper lip, and small mouth. |
Source: GeneReviews — "Aym-Gripp Syndrome"
Hearing loss; ID/DD2; Joint contractures camptodactyly; Mid face hypoplasia; Short stature; Distinct facial features (incl short palpebral fissures, deep-set eyes, maxillary underdevelopment, short philtrum, narrow mouth, prognathism)
— |
Zellweger spectrum disorder | PEX1PEX6PEX123 | AR | Cataracts; Flat facial appearance; SNHL |
Source: GeneReviews — "Aym-Gripp Syndrome"
AI-curated news mentioning Ayme-Gripp syndrome
Updated Jul 21, 2026
FDA approved Casgevy CRISPR gene therapy for children as young as 2 with sickle cell disease on July 1, 2026. Here's what families need to know about this milestone. Approximately 5,500 additional American children are now eligible for this established one-time therapy, according to Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Casgevy's developer. Casgevy also covers transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia in this new age indication. Sickle cell disease is a lifelong inherited blood disorder that warps red blood cells into stiff, crescent shapes that can block blood flow, starving organs and tissues of oxygen. The world's first CRISPR-based gene therapy has been approved for children as young as two years old, opening the possibility of a single, potentially curative treatment to thousands of American children with sickle cell disease before years of organ damage can narrow what medicine can do for them. Families with children aged 2 and older who have sickle cell disease should speak with their pediatric hematologist about whether Casgevy is appropriate to consider at this stage of their child's disease. Ask specifically which authorized treatment centers perform Casgevy in your region. Treatment is available only at specialized sites, and geographic access remains limited. Contact your child's insurance plan or Medicaid office to ask about coverage. Medicaid coverage for gene therapies varies by state, and some states have developed outcomes-based payment models for high-cost therapies. "With today's decision, pediatric patients as young as 2 years of age can now access a critical additional treatment option to treat these debilitating, life-threatening diseases," said Karim Mikhail, acting director of the Office of Therapeutic Products at the FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, according to the FDA press announcement. Casgevy is a non-viral, ex vivo CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited cell therapy.
A new treatment for children aged 2 or older with sickle cell disease has been approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration. In a press release on Wednesday, the FDA announced it had approved Casgevy, the first gene therapy for children with sickle cell disease. (NewsNation) — A new treatment for children aged 2 or older with sickle cell disease has been approved by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA). In a Wednesday news release, the FDA announced it had approved Casgevy, the first gene therapy for children with the disease. “Casgevy is a gene therapy consisting of the patient’s own (autologous) hematopoietic (blood) stem cells, administered as a one-time single dose for intravenous infusion,” the release noted. “Pediatric patients as young as 2 years of age can now access a critical additional treatment option to treat these debilitating, life-threatening diseases,” Karim Mikhail, the acting director of the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, wrote. “These disorders carry a heavy burden for children and their families, affecting growth, development, and long-term health in profound ways,” Megha Kaushal, acting deputy director of the Office of Therapeutic Products in CBER, said in the release.