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Features include always present findings: Seizure and Intellectual disability; and common findings: Hypsarrhythmia, Low muscle tone (hypotonia), Multifocal epileptiform discharges, and Cerebral visual impairment and others. 33 total HPO annotations.
Organ System | Phenotype Count | Example Features |
|---|---|---|
Brain and nerves | 19 | Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure, Seizure, Multifocal epileptiform discharges |
PPP3CA function has not been fully characterized.
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 91 is associated with mutations in the PPP3CA gene on chromosome 4.
Genetic testing for PPP3CA is available. Testing is considered confirmatory for diagnosis.
Biomarker and diagnostic research for developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 91 has been reported in the published literature.
Phenotype severity distribution: 2 always present features, 10 common features.
No clinical trials have been registered for developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 91.
131 publications have been identified in PubMed for developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 91. Kisho has analyzed 104 by research type. Research spans Review / Meta-Analysis (30%), Epidemiology / Natural History (27%), and Basic Science / Preclinical (17%).
Research Type | Count | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
Research summaries | 31 | 30% |
Data assembled from 5 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 19, 2026, 3:31 AM UTC
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
Muscles |
2 |
Low muscle tone (hypotonia), Brain shrinkage (cerebral atrophy) |
Growth and development | 1 | Short stature |
Head and neck | 1 | Coarse facial features |
Eyes | 1 | Cerebral visual impairment |
Digestive system | 1 | Feeding difficulties |
Disease patterns and progression |
28 |
27% |
Laboratory research | 18 | 17% |
Clinical study results | 12 | 12% |
Testing and diagnosis research | 5 | 5% |
Patient case studies | 5 | 5% |
New treatment approaches | 4 | 4% |
Other research | 1 | 1% |
Torbati PN (2026). [PMID: 41633218](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41633218/). *Pediatr Neurol*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Balasundaram P (2026). [PMID: 34033328](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34033328/). *Unknown Journal*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Stafstrom CE (2026). [PMID: 41419420](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41419420/). *Neurotherapeutics*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Guerrini R (2026). [PMID: 41891667](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891667/). *Epilepsia*. [Clinical Trial Publication]
Shawahna R (2026). [PMID: 41793901](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41793901/). *Clin Neurol Neurosurg*. [Diagnostic / Biomarker]
Morsy H (2026). [PMID: 41570816](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41570816/). *Am J Hum Genet*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Dell'Isola GB (2026). [PMID: 41739881](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41739881/). *Epilepsia Open*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Sun W (2026). [PMID: 41727492](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41727492/). *Front Immunol*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Luo J (2026). [PMID: 41819009](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41819009/). *Seizure*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Laux L (2026). [PMID: 41780062](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41780062/). *N Engl J Med*. [Clinical Trial Publication]