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Familial vesicoureteral reflux is a rare, non-syndromic urogenital tract malformation characterized by the familial occurrence of retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the ureter and sometimes the kidneys. Patients may be asymptomatic or may present with recurrent, sometimes febrile, urinary tract infections that, in case of acute pyelonephritis, may lead to serious complications (renal scarring, hypertension, renal failure). Spontaneous resolution of the disorder is possible.
No HPO annotations are available for this condition.
TNXB-related classical-like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (clEDS) was first reported in 1997 . It was noted that the clinical features of these individuals strongly resembled classic EDS (cEDS) because of hyperextensible skin and generalized hypermobility, with two key differences: (1) absence of atrophic scarring and (2) autosomal recessive inheritance. Due to the clinical resemblance with cEDS, updated nosology has renamed the condition classical-like EDS (clEDS) . Since the first publications, other features have been reported in individuals with clEDS that are more specific to clEDS . These are reflected in the minor criteria for clEDS and include broad feet and hands, brachydactyly, edema in the legs in the absence of cardiac failure, and predisposition to tissue fragility, particularly of the gastrointestinal tract . To date, 56 individuals from 44 families have been identified with TNXB-related clEDS [, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ]. The following description of the phenotypic features associated with this condition is based on these reports. It is important to note that the majority of affected individuals were diagnosed in adulthood. Table 2. TNXB-Related Classical-Like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: Frequency of Select Features
Minimum suggestive clinical diagnostic criteria for TNXB-related classical-like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (clEDS) were published in the 2017 revised Ehlers-Danlos syndrome nosology (full text), and include all three major criteria AND a family history compatible with autosomal recessive inheritance .
TNXB-related clEDS should be suspected in individuals with a combination of the following major, minor, and family history criteria .
Major criteria
Source:
No approved treatments are currently available for familial vesicoureteral reflux. The disease remains an area of unmet medical need.
No consensus clinical practice guidelines for TNXB-related classical-like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (clEDS) have been published. Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis To establish the extent of disease and needs in an individual diagnosed with TNXB-related clEDS, the evaluations summarized (if not performed as part of the evaluation that led to the diagnosis) are recommended. Table 4. Recommended Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis in Individuals with TNXB-Related Classical-Like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Table 7.
Recommended Surveillance for Individuals with TNXB-Related Classical-Like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
System/Concern | Evaluation | Frequency
| Coordination of care follow up ideally lies w/rheumatologist, pain mgmt clinic, /or specialized EDS services, if available.1 | Based on individual assessment determined by responsible health care professional
No clinical trials have been registered for familial vesicoureteral reflux.
3 publications have been identified in PubMed for familial vesicoureteral reflux. Research spans Review / Meta-Analysis (33%), Case Report / Case Series (33%), and Epidemiology / Natural History (33%).
Brazdziunaite D (2025). [PMID: 40282888](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40282888/). *Medicina (Kaunas)*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Mahmoud AH (2024). [PMID: 39076761](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39076761/). *Front Med (Lausanne)*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Blasco M (2024). [PMID: 38972501](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38972501/). *Am J Kidney Dis*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Data assembled from 4 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 19, 2026, 7:23 AM UTC
European rare disease database
Genetic and Rare Diseases Info Center
Feature | % of Personsw/Feature1 | Comment |
|---|---|---|
Hyperextensible skin | 100% | — |
Joint hypermobility | 100% | W/or w/o recurrent joint (sub)luxations |
Easy bruising | 91% | Likely 100%, as not all reports commented on this feature |
Also incl hematomas/ecchymoses Foot abnormalities (≥1)2 | 81% | Most specific: broad foot w/brachydactyly |
Most common: pes planus Complaints of fatigue | 53% | — |
Subjective muscle weakness | 37% | — |
Vascular fragility | 27% | 3/56 persons (5%) experienced major medical events due to vascular fragility. |
Edema in legs in absence of cardiac failure | 25% | — |
Vaginal/uterus/rectal prolapse | 21% | — |
Hand anomalies | 20% | Only brachydactyly was considered. |
Gastrointestinal fragility | 16% | Incl esophageal, small bowel, /or large bowel ruptures |
Axonal polyneuropathy | 14% | Feature was not investigated in the cohort of 20 persons. |
Other fragility | 4% | Trachea rupture after intubation |
Defect of nasal cartilages after nose blowing Atrophy of muscles in hands feet | 4% | Feature was not investigated in the cohort of 20 persons. Not all reports commented on all the clinical features mentioned above. When not commented on, the feature was considered absent. |
Source: GeneReviews — "TNXB-Related Classical-Like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome"
Table 3. Genes and Disorders in the Differential Diagnosis of TNXB-Related Classic-Like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Gene(s) | DiffDx Disorder | MOI | Features of DiffDx Disorder |
|---|---|---|---|
ADAMTS2 | Dermatosparaxis EDS (OMIM 225410) | AR | Soft, doughy skin texture; skin hyperextensibility; GJH |
AEBP1 | Classical-like EDS type 2 (OMIM 618000) | AR | GJH ± joint (sub)luxations; hyperextensible skin; easy bruising |
Classic EDS | AD | GJH ± joint (sub)luxations; hyperextensible skin; easy bruising | Papyraceous /or hemosiderotic scarring COL3A1(COL1A12) |
Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome | AD | Easy bruising; (distal) joint hypermobility | Hyperextensible skin only seen in small subset of persons w/vEDS due to GluLys substitutions3 COL1A1 |
COL1A2 | Arthrochalasia EDS (OMIM 130060, 617821) | AD | GJH; skin hyperextensibility; easy bruising |
COL1A2 | Cardiac-valvular EDS (OMIM 225320) | AR | Skin hyperextensibility; easy bruising; (generalized) joint hypermobility |
FKBP14-related kyphoscoliotic EDS w/myopathy neurosensory hearing loss | AR | GJH; skin hyperextensibility; easy bruising | Congenital muscle hypotonia; muscle atrophy; congenital hearing impairment PLOD1 |
PLOD1-related kyphoscoliotic EDS | AR | GJH; skin hyperextensibility; easy bruising | Congenital muscle hypotonia; atrophic scarring AD = autosomal dominant; AR = autosomal recessive; clEDS = classical-like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome; DiffDx = differential diagnosis; GJH = generalized joint hypermobility; MOI = mode of inheritance 1. |
Source: GeneReviews — "TNXB-Related Classical-Like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome"
System/Concern | Evaluation | Comment |
|---|---|---|
Musculoskeletal | Rheumatologist/ physical medicine rehab/ PT OT/ podiatrist eval | To incl assessment of:; Tone joint laxity; Mobility, ADL, need for adaptive devices; Need for PT (to improve strength and tone) /or OT (to improve fine motor skills); Podiatry assessment for foot abnormalities Avoidance of sports that place heavy strain on joints also recommended (See .) |
Cardiovascular | Baseline echocardiogram | To assess for structural cardiac abnormalities aortic dimensions |
Hematologic | Consider referral to hematologist for those w/recurrent severe bruising w/swelling. | Further lab studies (e.g., clotting studies) may be requested; per hematologist Genetic |
counseling | By genetics professionals1 | To inform affected persons their families re nature, MOI, implications of TNXB-related clEDS to facilitate medical personal decision making Family support resources |
Treatment of Manifestations in Individuals with TNXB-Related Classical-Like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Manifestation/Concern | Treatment | Considerations/Other Hypotonia/ Gross |
motor delay | Standard treatment by PT | Non-weight-bearing muscular exercise, such as swimming, is useful to promote muscular development coordination. Joint laxity/ |
dislocations | For recommendations on treatment, see Hypermobile EDS. | Surgical stabilization of joints may lead to minimal or only temporary improvement. Joint pain |
weakness | Standard eval treatment per neurologist | — |
Vessel/organ rupture | Prompt assessment mgmt in tertiary care center | Cardiac/valvular |
abnormalities | Standard treatment per cardiologist | — |
Easy bruising | Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) may easy bruising but has no effect on primary findings of skin hyperextensibility or joint hypermobility. | In general, a dose of 2 g/day is recommended for adults, w/proportionally doses for children; however, there is no limitation. DDAVP® may be useful to normalize bleeding time. |
Source: GeneReviews — "TNXB-Related Classical-Like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome"
The following should be avoided:
Sports with heavy joint strain (e.g., contact sports, fighting sports, football, running)
Invasive procedures such as intubation, endoscopy, and/or colonoscopy unless essential because of reported tissue fragility of the trachea, esophagus, and small and large bowels
Acetylsalicylate (aspirin) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs because of elevated risks of diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding
The use of opioid medication for chronic pain, which does not lead to long-term pain relief and has the potential for addiction issues
Source: GeneReviews — "TNXB-Related Classical-Like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome"
Search ClinicalTrials.gov in the US and EU Clinical Trials Register in Europe for access to information on clinical studies for a wide range of diseases and conditions. Note: There may not be clinical trials for this disorder.
Source: GeneReviews — "TNXB-Related Classical-Like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome"
View trials for familial vesicoureteral reflux
EDS = Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
1.
Source: GeneReviews — "TNXB-Related Classical-Like Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome"
Estimated prevalence: Unknown (Unknown prevalence).