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A group of genetic disorders that result from the inability to produce or use an enzyme required to oxidize fatty acids, resulting in an inability to generate energy from fatty acid sources.
No HPO annotations are available for this condition.
The mitochondrial membrane protein encoded by CPT1A enables oxidation of long-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme A molecules in the liver to provide an alternative source of energy when liver glycogen reserves have been significantly reduced, most often during fasting or intercurrent illness . This pathway fuels ketogenesis for metabolism in other tissues that cannot oxidize fatty acids. Thus, clinical manifestations of CPT1A deficiency usually occur with a febrile or gastrointestinal illness when energy demands are increased. Although the precipitating illness may be a relatively common infectious disease, onset of manifestations is usually rapid. Age of onset of manifestations can vary from the newborn period to adulthood, and some individuals are asymptomatic.
No consensus clinical diagnostic criteria for carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) deficiency have been published.
Suggestive Findings
Source: GeneReviews — "Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Deficiency"
No approved treatments are currently available for inherited fatty acid metabolism disorder. The disease remains an area of unmet medical need.
No clinical practice guidelines for carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) deficiency have been published. In the absence of published consensus guidelines, the following recommendations are based on available evidence and literature on the subject. When CPT1A deficiency is suspected during the diagnostic evaluation (for example, because of a suggestive carnitine and acylcarnitine profile; see ), metabolic treatment including fasting precautions should be initiated immediately. Development and evaluation of treatment plans, training and education of affected individuals and their families, and avoidance of side effects of dietary treatment (e.g., malnutrition, growth failure) require a multidisciplinary approach including multiple subspecialists, with oversight and expertise from a specialized metabolic center. Guidelines and current management strategies for the treatment of CPT1A deficiency and other long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders can be found at www.newbornscreening.info and (full text). The British Inherited Metabolic Disease Group (BIMDG) website has a specific emergency management protocol for CPT1A deficiency (see Emergency Guides - BIMDG).
Table 7. Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Deficiency: Recommended Surveillance
System/Concern |
|---|
No clinical trials have been registered for inherited fatty acid metabolism disorder.
179 publications have been identified in PubMed for inherited fatty acid metabolism disorder. Research spans Basic Science / Preclinical (36%), Case Report / Case Series (16%), and Review / Meta-Analysis (14%).
Research Type | Count | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
Laboratory research | 64 | 36% |
Data assembled from 3 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 20, 2026, 5:34 PM UTC
Source: GeneReviews — "Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Deficiency"
A number of other fetal fatty acid oxidation defects are associated with a similar risk to the heterozygous mother of developing acute fatty liver of pregnancy, typically in the third trimester, prompting further investigation of the newborn for a fatty acid oxidation defect. The absence (or paucity) of ketone bodies during a period of hypoglycemia should increase suspicion for one of the disorders of fatty acid oxidation or the carnitine cycle, including carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) deficiency. Selected genes of interest in the differential diagnosis of CPT1A deficiency are listed in . Table 2. Selected Genes of Interest in the Differential Diagnosis of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Deficiency
Gene | Disorder | MOI | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) deficiency | AR | Because the CPT1A isoform is primarily expressed in liver, CPT1A deficiency is clinically more closely related to disorders of fatty acid oxidation ketogenesis disorders w/hepatic phenotypes. | — |
HMGCL | HMG-CoA lyase deficiency (OMIM 246450) | AR | — |
HMGCS2 | HMG-CoA synthase deficiency (OMIM 605911) | AR | — |
350 genes1 | Disorders of oxidative phosphorylation (See Primary Mitochondrial Disorders Overview.) | ARADMTXL | In the absence of manifestations involving muscle or heart, the acute hepatic presentation of CPT1A deficiency cannot be clinically distinguished from other defects of long-chain fatty acid oxidation conditions that present as a Reye-like illness. ACADVL |
AR Multiple genes incl:G6PC1SLC37A43 | Disorders of gluconeogenesis incl glycogen storage disease type I | AR | — |
Multiple genes incl:MCEEMMAAMMABMMADHCMMUTPCCAPCCB4 | Organic acidurias such as isolated methylmalonic acidemia propionic acidemia | AR SLC25A20 | Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency AD = autosomal dominant; AR = autosomal recessive; CoA = coenzyme A; CPT1A = carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A; HMG = 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl; MT = mitochondrial; MOI = mode of inheritance; XL = X-linked 1. |
Source: GeneReviews — "Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Deficiency"
Biomarker and diagnostic research for inherited fatty acid metabolism disorder has been reported in the published literature.
To establish the extent of disease and needs in an individual diagnosed with CPT1A deficiency, the evaluations summarized (if not performed as part of the evaluation that led to the diagnosis) are recommended.
Table 3.
Source: GeneReviews — "Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Deficiency"
Avoid fasting, including during periods of preparation and recovery from planned surgery or sedation (see CPT I Deficiency — New England Consortium of Metabolic Programs). During periods of fasting, long-chain fatty acids are typically broken down into ketones and provide an important energy source for the liver and other tissues. Due to the metabolic block caused by this disorder, ketone production is limited, and fasting can trigger hypoketotic hypoglycemia. Potentially hepatotoxic agents such as valproate and salicylate should be used with caution if there is evidence of hepatic dysfunction . Adverse effects of pharmacologic agents have not been reported in individuals with CPT1A deficiency. Avoid viral or bacterial infections. Avoid overfeeding in individuals without acute illness to reduce long-term risk of obesity.
Source: GeneReviews — "Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Deficiency"
Search ClinicalTrials.gov in the US and EU Clinical Trials Register in Europe for access to information on clinical studies for a wide range of diseases and conditions. Note: There may not be clinical trials for this disorder.
Source: GeneReviews — "Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Deficiency"
View trials for inherited fatty acid metabolism disorder
Evaluation
Frequency |
|---|
Hepatology | Liver enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP), functional liver tests (incl PT PTT) | As clinically indicated to assess for liver failure |
Nephrology | BUN, serum creatinine concentration, urinalysis for urine protein | As clinically indicated to assess for renal tubular acidosis |
Gastrointestinal | Assess for gastrointestinal side effects of triheptanoin or MCT oil (e.g., diarrhea) | At each visit based on treatment as clinically indicated |
Development | Assess developmental educational progress w/referrals for social services, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech language services as needed | At each visit throughout childhood adolescence |
Source: GeneReviews — "Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1A Deficiency"
Patient case studies
29 |
16% |
Research summaries | 25 | 14% |
Clinical study results | 19 | 11% |
Disease patterns and progression | 19 | 11% |
Testing and diagnosis research | 12 | 7% |
New treatment approaches | 11 | 6% |
Li XQ (2026). [PMID: 41684893](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41684893/). *FASEB Bioadv*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Turan İ (2026). [PMID: 41797577](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41797577/). *J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Unknown (2026). [PMID: 42160649](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42160649/). *Unknown Journal*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Wang W (2026). [PMID: 41615582](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41615582/). *Neuromolecular Med*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Terburgh K (2026). [PMID: 41532297](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41532297/). *J Inherit Metab Dis*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Jayalekshmi VS (2026). [PMID: 41812539](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41812539/). *Atherosclerosis*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Zubarioglu T (2026). [PMID: 42286106](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42286106/). *Eur J Clin Nutr*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Kadıoğlu Yılmaz B (2026). [PMID: 42042889](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42042889/). *Metabolites*. [Diagnostic / Biomarker]
Yazdani AH (2026). [PMID: 40237876](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40237876/). *Biochem Genet*. [Clinical Trial Publication]
Sunebo S (2026). [PMID: 41808636](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41808636/). *Eur J Neurol*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
AI-curated news mentioning inherited fatty acid metabolism disorder
Updated Sep 2, 2026
A recent study highlights the experiences and information needs of families with children suffering from organic acid and fatty acid metabolism disorders in Japan. This research underscores the importance of addressing the unique challenges faced by these families.
Rare disease specialist Ultragenyx reports its gene therapy for a rare glycogen storage disease GSDIa has been approved by the FDA. Rare disease specialist Ultragenyx’s gene therapy Genglycos has received accelerated approval from the FDA for treatment of glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSDIa), a rare metabolic condition. This marks the fifth FDA approval for the California-based biotech, which has already developed two monoclonal antibodies, an enzyme replacement therapy, and an oral synthetic triglyceride for long-chain fatty-acid oxidation disorders, all of which are for treating rare diseases. “The approval of Genglycos represents a major step forward for the GSDIa community and reflects almost 30 years of work and scientific progress aimed at improving safety and the quality of life of people living with this disease.” · No mention of treatment price was made in the company’s announcement, but it does say the company will help enable access for eligible patients by providing “support to help enrolled patients and caregivers navigate access to treatment through its UltraCare program.” · News & FeaturesAdeno associated viral vectorAdverse drug reactionsDiet therapyGene therapy (Therapeutics)GenesMetabolic disordersRare diseasesUltragenyxGenglycos GSDIa is ultra-rare in the United States and occurs in approximately 1 in 125,000 births. Estimates of the number of people currently living with the condition range from around 1,500 to 2,500, but the precise figure is uncertain because the total number of people with GSDIa is unknown. Genglycos is a one-time intravenous adeno associated viral vector (AAV) gene therapy for treatment of GSDIa in both children aged 8 years and above and adults. The therapy is designed to deliver a functional G6PC gene to liver cells. There were seven serious adverse reactions in the study, two anaphylaxis or infusion reactions, two adrenal-gland events, two cases of elevated lactate, and one hypoglycemia event. Like many AAV therapies Genglycos comes with a risk of elevated liver enzymes and some of the adverse events were linked to complications associated with the corticosteroids used to manage post-infusion liver inflammation.