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Lower limb malformation-hypospadias syndrome is a rare developmental defect during embryogenesis characterized by severe, uni- or bilateral lower limb malformations (incl. tibial hypoplasia, split and rocker bottom-shaped feet, and oligosyndactyly), normal upper limbs and hypospadias. Additional dysmorphic features (e.g. short neck and low-set, large ears), atrial septal defect, ureteropelvic junction stenosis and slight septation of the spleen, have also been reported. There have been no further descriptions in the literature since 1977.
Biomarker and diagnostic research for lower limb deficiency-hypospadias syndrome has been reported in the published literature.
Estimated prevalence: <1 in 1,000,000 (VERY_RARE).
No clinical trials have been registered for lower limb deficiency-hypospadias syndrome.
300 publications have been identified in PubMed for lower limb deficiency-hypospadias syndrome. Kisho has analyzed 90 by research type. Research spans Review / Meta-Analysis (41%), Clinical Trial Publication (23%), and Epidemiology / Natural History (14%).
Research Type | Count | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
Research summaries | 37 | 41% |
Data assembled from 3 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 20, 2026, 5:51 AM UTC
European rare disease database
Genetic and Rare Diseases Info Center
Clinical study results |
21 |
23% |
Disease patterns and progression | 13 | 14% |
Patient case studies | 12 | 13% |
Laboratory research | 5 | 6% |
Testing and diagnosis research | 2 | 2% |
Bengur FB (2026). [PMID: 42177086](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42177086/). *Clin Plast Surg*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Oukrich S (2026). [PMID: 39440838](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39440838/). *J Endovasc Ther*. [Diagnostic / Biomarker]
Ozcan A (2026). [PMID: 32809349](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32809349/). *Unknown Journal*. [Clinical Trial Publication]
Cheffers M (2026). [PMID: 41895877](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41895877/). *Emerg Med Clin North Am*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Wilcox J MD (2026). [PMID: 42202347](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42202347/). *Am Fam Physician*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Böllinger K (2026). [PMID: 41520737](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41520737/). *Ann Anat*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Xiong Z (2025). [PMID: 39825450](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39825450/). *J Orthop Surg Res*. [Clinical Trial Publication]
Halabi MH (2025). [PMID: 39934098](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39934098/). *Musculoskeletal Care*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Khatami SS (2025). [PMID: 40152570](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40152570/). *J Integr Neurosci*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Albert-Lucena D (2025). [PMID: 40156954](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40156954/). *Musculoskelet Sci Pract*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]