Poliomyelitis results from infection with the poliovirus. In a minority of cases, the virus spreads from the gastrointestinal tract to the central nervous system, destroying motor neurons. Vaccine-derived poliovirus strains can also cause paralytic disease in rare circumstances. No germline genetic etiology underlies this infectious condition.

Diagnosis is confirmed by poliovirus isolation from stool or throat swabs, polymerase chain reaction detection, or serological antibody testing. PCR methods distinguish wild-type from vaccine-derived strains and identify the causative serotype.

No antiviral therapy targeting poliovirus is approved. Care for paralytic disease is supportive, including respiratory management and physical rehabilitation. Orthotic devices may assist individuals with residual limb weakness from prior polio infection.

Non-paralytic infection typically resolves without neurological sequelae. Individuals with paralytic disease may experience partial motor recovery over months; permanent weakness occurs in proportion to motor neuron loss. Post-polio syndrome may develop later in life among individuals with prior paralytic disease.

Active studies include Phase 2 and Phase 3 trials evaluating novel oral poliomyelitis vaccines (types 1, 2, 3, and combinations) across multiple countries, Phase 4 inactivated poliovirus vaccine trials in broader age populations, and investigations of rehabilitative interventions — including orthotic devices and neuromuscular stimulation — for individuals with residual polio-related impairment.