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A rare form of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) characterized by a capillary infiltration of the pulmonary interstitium, bronchioles and pleura leading to elevated pulmonary arterial resistance and right heart failure. PCH is potentially fatal.
Features include very common findings: Decreased DLCO, Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, Lymphadenopathy, and Capillary malformation and others; and common findings: Dyspnea, Centrilobular ground-glass opacification on pulmonary HRCT, Mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and Chronic fatigue and others. 27 total HPO annotations.
Organ System | Phenotype Count | Example Features |
|---|---|---|
Lungs and breathing | 11 | Pulmonary venous occlusion, Dyspnea, Centrilobular ground-glass opacification on pulmonary HRCT |
EIF2AK4 encodes eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4 (1,649 aa). Metabolic-stress sensing protein kinase that phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (EIF2S1/eIF-2-alpha) in response to low amino acid availability. Highest expression in Cells Cultured fibroblasts (48.7 TPM) and Cells EBV-transformed lymphocytes (23.7 TPM).
Pulmonary venoocclusive disease 2 is associated with mutations in the EIF2AK4 gene on chromosome 15.
EIF2AK4 is classified as a druggable target (Druggable Genome, Enzyme, Kinase, and Serine Threonine Kinase categories) with score 0.6.
Genetic testing for EIF2AK4 is available. Testing is considered confirmatory for diagnosis.
Biomarker and diagnostic research for pulmonary venoocclusive disease 2 has been reported in the published literature.
Phenotype severity distribution: 6 very common features, 15 common features.
Estimated prevalence: Unknown (Unknown prevalence).
No clinical trials have been registered for pulmonary venoocclusive disease 2.
12 publications have been identified in PubMed for pulmonary venoocclusive disease 2. Research spans Diagnostic / Biomarker (33%), Epidemiology / Natural History (33%), and Case Report / Case Series (17%).
Research Type | Count | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
Testing and diagnosis research | 4 | 33% |
Data assembled from 6 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 19, 2026, 9:40 PM UTC
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
European rare disease database
Genetic and Rare Diseases Info Center
Heart and blood vessels | 3 | High blood pressure in lung arteries (pulmonary arterial hypertension), Right ventricular failure, Pericardial effusion |
Brain and nerves | 1 | Chronic fatigue |
Arms and legs | 1 | Clubbing of fingers |
Disease patterns and progression
4 |
33% |
Patient case studies | 2 | 17% |
Laboratory research | 2 | 17% |
Polini B (2026). [PMID: 41526595](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41526595/). *GeroScience*. [Diagnostic / Biomarker]
Hashimoto H (2026). [PMID: 41653127](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41653127/). *Pathology international*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Berkane AW (2026). [PMID: 42001268](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42001268/). *Ann Saudi Med*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Arai W (2026). [PMID: 41492809](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41492809/). *Pathology international*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Consing-Gangelhoff M (2025). [PMID: 39863373](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39863373/). *Radiologic clinics of North America*. [Diagnostic / Biomarker]
Kalinin A (2025). [PMID: 41511286](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41511286/). *Cells*. [Diagnostic / Biomarker]
Zhang YW (2024). [PMID: 39653535](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39653535/). *Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi = Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi = Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Poletti V (2024). [PMID: 37806921](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37806921/). *Pulmonology*. [Diagnostic / Biomarker]
Arkadievich OD (2024). [PMID: 38938438](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38938438/). *Open veterinary journal*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Jeremiasen I (2024). [PMID: 39678731](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39678731/). *Pulmonary circulation*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]