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Any Parkinson disease in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the LRRK2 gene.
Features include: Resting tremor, Parkinsonism, Slowness of movement (bradykinesia), and Muscle stiffness (rigidity) and 6 more.
Organ System | Phenotype Count | Example Features |
|---|---|---|
Brain and nerves | 7 | Resting tremor, Parkinsonism, Slowness of movement (bradykinesia) |
No consensus clinical diagnostic criteria for LRRK2-related Parkinson disease (PARK-LRRK2) have been published.
PARK-LRRK2 should be suspected in probands with the following clinical and imaging findings and family history. PARK-LRRK2 may not be distinguishable from other forms of Parkinson disease; suggestive findings include clinical findings of Parkinson disease, additional clinical findings, and features highly suggestive of but frequently not present in individuals with PARK-LRRK2.
Clinical findings of Parkinson disease
No approved treatments are currently available for autosomal dominant Parkinson disease 8. The disease remains an area of unmet medical need.
The clinical management of individuals with LRRK2-related Parkinson disease (PARK-LRRK2) does not differ from that of Parkinson disease of unknown cause and should be tailored to the individual (see also Parkinson Disease Overview).
To establish the extent of disease and needs in an individual diagnosed with PARK-LRRK2, the evaluations summarized (if not performed as part of the evaluation that led to the diagnosis) are recommended.
To monitor existing manifestations, the individual's response to supportive care, and the emergence of new manifestations, the evaluations summarized in are recommended.
Table 4.
LRRK2-Related Parkinson Disease: Recommended Surveillance
System/Concern | Evaluation | Frequency
| Neurologic exam1 incl assessment of slowness of movement dexterity, tremor, rigidity, gait postural stability assessment (MDS-UPDRS)2 | At least annually; typically every 3 mos
1 clinical trial registered. Interventions under study include drug therapy and other interventions. Pipeline includes 1 PHASE2. Research is primarily industry-sponsored.
161 publications have been identified in PubMed for autosomal dominant Parkinson disease 8. Research spans Basic Science / Preclinical (49%), Review / Meta-Analysis (23%), and Epidemiology / Natural History (12%).
Research Type | Count | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
Laboratory research | 79 | 49% |
Data assembled from 6 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 19, 2026, 5:25 PM UTC
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
Genetic and Rare Diseases Info Center
1 |
Postural instability |
LRRK2-related Parkinson disease (PARK-LRRK2) is characterized by manifestations of typical parkinsonism including bradykinesia (slowness of movement, decreased arm swing), resting tremor, and rigidity. Gait features including postural instability may be present. Although it may be clinically indistinguishable from Parkinson disease of unknown cause representing a simplex case (also referred to as "sporadic" Parkinson disease; see ), the motor and cognitive manifestations of PARK-LRRK2 may be less frequent and milder than in sporadic Parkinson disease . PARK-LRRK2 follows a slowly progressive course. Onset. PARK-LRRK2 onset is insidious. The mean age of onset of PARK-LRRK2 is 58-62 years , similar to or slightly younger than individuals with Parkinson disease of unknown cause.
Source: GeneReviews — "LRRK2-Related Parkinson Disease"
Bradykinesia (slowness of movement) with decrements in speed or amplitude as movements are continued AND
Resting tremor (4-6-Hz tremor in a fully resting limb) OR
Rigidity OR
Gait disturbances
Additional clinical findings
Source: GeneReviews — "LRRK2-Related Parkinson Disease"
The differential diagnosis of LRRK2-related Parkinson disease includes:
Other genes associated with inherited forms of Parkinson disease (see Parkinson Disease Overview);
Acquired neurologic entities that may mimic Parkinson disease such as drug-induced parkinsonism;
Other neurologic conditions (e.g., essential tremor) and genetic disorders in which parkinsonism can be a prominent feature (e.g., fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome and some types of spinocerebellar ataxia [see Hereditary Ataxia Overview]). Note: While early action-tremor in Parkinson disease may mimic essential tremor, the rest tremor in Parkinson disease as well as bradykinesia, rigidity, and gait involvement help to distinguish Parkinson disease from essential tremor.
Source: GeneReviews — "LRRK2-Related Parkinson Disease"
Biomarker and diagnostic research for autosomal dominant Parkinson disease 8 has been reported in the published literature.
Table 2.
LRRK2-Related Parkinson Disease: Recommended Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis
System/Concern | Evaluation | Comment
| Neurologic eval | In particular, assessment of motor manifestations, movement disorder(s), gait, frequency of falls
Physical medicine rehab/ PT OT eval | To incl assessment of:
Gross motor fine motor skills
Mobility, ADL, need for adaptive devices
Need for PT (to improve gross motor skills) /or OT (to improve fine motor skills)
Assessment of weight, diet, speech, drooling |
| Cognitive assessment |
| • Assess for constipation.
Assess for symptoms of orthostasis measure supine standing BP pulse.
Assess for sexual dysfunction urinary difficulties, incl frequency.
| Note: Untreated constipation may impair medication absorption, exacerbate nonmotor symptom burden, risk of serious complications.
| Neuropsychiatric eval | To assess for psychiatric manifestations (e.g., mood disorders, hallucinations, delusions, anxiety, sleep disorders)
| ...
Source: GeneReviews — "LRRK2-Related Parkinson Disease"
Dopamine-blocking therapies (both typical and atypical dopamine-blocking psychiatric medications as well as dopamine blockers for gastrointestinal causes) may exacerbate parkinsonism in individuals with PARK-LRRK2 and should be avoided when possible.
Source: GeneReviews — "LRRK2-Related Parkinson Disease"
LRRK2 encodes leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (LRRK2). LRRK2 is a fusion of Rab (Roc), COR, and kinase (MAPK) domains, and LRRK2 pathogenic variants are overall postulated to exert their effects through augmentation of kinase activity and RAB GTPase interactors, although full pathogenesis has not been elucidated . Hence, the development of specific kinase inhibitors offers an attractive therapeutic target for neuroprotection in asymptomatic and affected LRRK2 heterozygotes, as well as for Parkinson disease of unknown cause [, , , , ]. A number of inhibitors are being developed; however, selectivity, specificity, and delivery into the central nervous system remain difficult issues to address .
Source: GeneReviews — "LRRK2-Related Parkinson Disease"
1 trial found
| Assess for constipation.
| Assess for cognitive issues.
| Assess for symptoms of depression, anxiety, apathy, hallucinations, illusions, impulse control disorders, or other psychiatric condition.
| Assess for urinary frequency sexual dysfunction.
| Assess for problems w/sleep.
| Assess for orthostatic hypotension.
Skin | Full skin exam by dermatologist for signs of melanoma3 | At least annually
1. To assess effect of motor therapies (including wearing off and dyskinesias) and need for symptomatic treatment
2. Systematic assessment of history of motor and nonmotor features including associated disability as well as examination of motor features are captured in the Movement Disorder Society Sponsored Revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) .
3.
Source: GeneReviews — "LRRK2-Related Parkinson Disease"
Research summaries | 37 | 23% |
Disease patterns and progression | 19 | 12% |
Testing and diagnosis research | 9 | 6% |
Patient case studies | 7 | 4% |
New treatment approaches | 6 | 4% |
Clinical study results | 3 | 2% |
Other research | 1 | 1% |
Weindel CG (2026). [PMID: 40906893](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40906893/). *J Immunol*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Kutukova KA (2026). [PMID: 41867642](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41867642/). *Sovrem Tekhnologii Med*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Panda SP (2026). [PMID: 41730496](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41730496/). *Neuroscience*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Aolymat I (2026). [PMID: 42233523](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42233523/). *Ann Med*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Ballotto L (2026). [PMID: 41455502](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41455502/). *Neurobiol Dis*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Akçimen F (2026). [PMID: 41058593](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41058593/). *Brain*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Bezrukova AI (2026). [PMID: 40388077](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40388077/). *Biochem Genet*. [Gene Therapy / Novel Therapeutics]
Lu J (2026). [PMID: 41277110](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41277110/). *Autophagy*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Barmpa K (2026). [PMID: 41670164](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41670164/). *Mov Disord*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Vu DT (2026). [PMID: 41611872](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41611872/). *Mol Syst Biol*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]