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Any early infantile epileptic encephalopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the WWOX gene.
Features include always present findings: Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure, Epicanthus, Seizure, and Hand clenching and others; and very common findings: Reduced movement (hypokinesia). 47 total HPO annotations.
Organ System | Phenotype Count | Example Features |
|---|---|---|
Brain and nerves | 19 | Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure, Focal clonic seizure, Seizure |
WWOX function has not been fully characterized.
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 28 is associated with mutations in the WWOX gene on chromosome 16.
Genetic testing for WWOX is available. Testing is considered confirmatory for diagnosis.
Biomarker and diagnostic research for developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 28 has been reported in the published literature.
Phenotype severity distribution: 14 always present features, 1 very common feature, 12 common features.
1 clinical trial registered, 1 recruiting. Interventions under study include other interventions. Research is primarily sponsored by academic and government institutions.
117 publications have been identified in PubMed for developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 28. Research spans Epidemiology / Natural History (28%), Case Report / Case Series (21%), and Review / Meta-Analysis (16%).
Research Type | Count | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
Disease patterns and progression | 33 |
Data assembled from 6 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 20, 2026, 5:59 PM UTC
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
Genetic and Rare Diseases Info Center
Head and neck
4 |
Round face, Progressive microcephaly, Microcephaly |
Muscles | 3 | Damage to the optic nerve (optic atrophy), Axial hypotonia, Brain shrinkage (cerebral atrophy) |
Eyes | 2 | Damage to the optic nerve (optic atrophy), Retinal degeneration |
Arms and legs | 1 | Hand clenching |
Pregnancy and birth | 1 | Decreased fetal movement |
Patient case studies | 24 | 21% |
Research summaries | 19 | 16% |
Laboratory research | 19 | 16% |
Clinical study results | 10 | 9% |
Testing and diagnosis research | 9 | 8% |
New treatment approaches | 2 | 2% |
Other research | 1 | 1% |
Ma A (2026). [PMID: 42033987](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42033987/). *Pediatr Neurol*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Liu W (2026). [PMID: 41872443](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41872443/). *Sci Rep*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Sillanpää ML (2026). [PMID: 41386195](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41386195/). *Epilepsy Behav*. [Gene Therapy / Novel Therapeutics]
Młynek M (2026). [PMID: 41898790](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41898790/). *Genes (Basel)*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Guerrini R (2026). [PMID: 41891667](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41891667/). *Epilepsia*. [Clinical Trial Publication]
Sapuppo A (2026). [PMID: 42193054](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42193054/). *Curr Issues Mol Biol*. [Case Report / Case Series]
K Y M (2026). [PMID: 41579020](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41579020/). *Epileptic Disord*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Rawlins LE (2026). [PMID: 41696790](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41696790/). *Ann Neurol*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Palumbo O (2026). [PMID: 41718461](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41718461/). *Epileptic Disord*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Paolicchi JM (2026). [PMID: 41962993](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41962993/). *Semin Pediatr Neurol*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]