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A pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy that has material basis in homozygous or compound heterozygous mutation in the PLPBP gene on chromosome 8p11.23.
Features include always present findings: Global developmental delay and Tonic seizure; and very common findings: Delayed speech and language development and Secondary microcephaly. 27 total HPO annotations.
Organ System | Phenotype Count | Example Features |
|---|---|---|
Brain and nerves | 12 | Poor speech, Bilateral tonic-clonic seizure, Myoclonic seizure |
PLPBP function has not been fully characterized.
Epilepsy, early-onset, vitamin B6-dependent is associated with mutations in the PLPBP gene on chromosome 8.
Since the number of individuals with PLPBP deficiency is small, it is difficult to establish true genotype-phenotype correlations. Nonetheless, the following observations about vitamin B6 responsiveness may be helpful in guiding clinical management. , who used an adapted clinical severity score to classify phenotypes and variants in 23 individuals with PLPBP deficiency, suggested that severe phenotypes and/or early mortality are usually associated with:
No consensus clinical diagnostic criteria for PLPBP deficiency have been published.
PLPBP deficiency should be suspected in individuals with the following clinical findings, imaging findings, clinical response to a standardized vitamin B6 trial, and family history.
Clinical Findings
Classic PLPBP deficiency (defined as neonatal onset, i.e., within the first 28 days after birth)
Source:
No approved treatments are currently available for epilepsy, early-onset, vitamin B6-dependent. The disease remains an area of unmet medical need.
No clinical practice guidelines for PLPBP deficiency have been published.
To establish the extent of disease and needs in an individual diagnosed with PLPBP deficiency, the following evaluations summarized in this section (if not performed as part of the evaluation that led to the diagnosis) are recommended:
To monitor existing manifestations, the individual's response to pharmacologic treatment and supportive care, and the emergence of new manifestations, see . Table 5. Recommended Surveillance for Individuals with PLPBP Deficiency
1 clinical trial registered. Interventions under study include other interventions. Research is primarily sponsored by academic and government institutions.
1 publication has been identified in PubMed for epilepsy, early-onset, vitamin B6-dependent. Research spans Case Report / Case Series (100%).
Nazeer AH (2025). [PMID: 41418146](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41418146/). *J Pak Med Assoc*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Data assembled from 7 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 19, 2026, 5:33 AM UTC
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
Muscles
2 |
Low muscle tone (hypotonia), Brain atrophy |
Head and neck | 2 | Thin upper lip vermilion, Secondary microcephaly |
Lungs and breathing | 2 | Difficulty breathing (respiratory insufficiency), Apnea |
Pregnancy and birth | 1 | Fetal distress |
Metabolism | 1 | Metabolic acidosis |
Lab test results | 1 | Increased circulating lactate concentration |
Age of onset: newborn period.
PLPBP deficiency, first identified in 2016, causes a rare, treatable form of vitamin B6-dependent early-onset epileptic encephalopathy . To date, 56 individuals have been identified with biallelic pathogenic variants in PLPBP [, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ]. The following description of the phenotypic features associated with this condition is based on these reports. In PLPBP deficiency, seizures that have not been responsive – or only partly responsive – to anti-seizure medications (ASMs) show an immediate positive response to vitamin B6 (given as either pyridoxine [PN] or pyridoxal 5'-phosphate [PLP]), a therapy that needs to be continued lifelong. In addition to vitamin B6 treatment, almost 60% of individuals require adjunct ASMs to achieve optimal seizure control .
Source: GeneReviews — "PLPBP Deficiency"
Truncating PLPBP pathogenic variants leading to complete loss of function of the pyridoxal phosphate-binding protein (PLPBP) (e.g., , , , , );
Missense PLPBP variants that are predicted or experimentally proven to affect residues surrounding the PLP binding sites (e.g., ).
Source: GeneReviews — "PLPBP Deficiency"
In addition to other vitamin B6-dependent epilepsies and disorders associated with pyridoxine (PN)- and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-responsive seizures, PLPBP deficiency must be distinguished from the following:
Source: GeneReviews — "PLPBP Deficiency"
Genetic testing for PLPBP is available. Testing is considered confirmatory for diagnosis.
Full neurologic examination, including evaluation of eye movements and muscle tone (for hypotonia or rigidity) and description of seizure semiology
EEG, including sleep and wake cycles (preferably with a recording time of two hours)
Physical examination, including measurement of weight, length, and head circumference
Consultation with a medical geneticist, certified genetic counselor, or certified advanced genetic nurse to inform affected individuals and their families about the nature, mode of inheritance, and implications of PLPBP deficiency in order to facilitate medical and personal decision making
To support the family of an individual diagnosed with PLPBP deficiency, review of the following options is recommended:
Use of community or (e.g., Parent to Parent)
Social work involvement for parental support
Home nursing referral (if needed)
Ethics consultation (clinical ethics services) to assess health care decisions in the context of the best interest of the child and the values and preferences of the family
There is no cure for PLPBP deficiency.
Targeted Therapies
Source: GeneReviews — "PLPBP Deficiency"
Several ASMs (such as carbamazepine, valproate, phenytoin, and phenobarbitone) can cause a low plasma concentration of PLP . PLP interacts with various small molecules. See Targeted Therapies, .
Source: GeneReviews — "PLPBP Deficiency"
Search ClinicalTrials.gov in the US and EU Clinical Trials Register in Europe for access to information on clinical studies for a wide range of diseases and conditions. Note: There may not be clinical trials for this disorder.
Source: GeneReviews — "PLPBP Deficiency"
1 trial found
Evaluation |
|---|
Frequency |
|---|
Seizure control | In outpatient epilepsy clinic | 1st yr of life: every 3-6 mos; Children adults: every 3-12 mos EEG follow up in case of poor seizure control or periods of encephalopathy |
Growth | Assess body weight, height, head circumference. | Children: at each visit |
Neurologic findings | Neurologic exam (incl assessment of deep tendon reflexes) for emergence of new findings /or response to medications used in symptomatic treatment | At each visit Adverse effects of PN therapy |
of PLP therapy | Complete blood count | 1st yr of life: every 3-6 mos |
Liver assessment | Transaminases clotting factors | Age 10 yrs: transaminases every 3-6 mos; If transaminases are 3x normal, also assess clotting factors Ultrasound |
Educational needs | Assessment | Children age 6 yrs: every 4-6 mos; Children age 6 yrs: annually |
Family/Community | Assess family need for social work support (e.g., palliative/respite care, home nursing, other local resources), care coordination, or follow-up genetic counseling if new questions arise (e.g., family planning). | At each visit PLP = pyridoxal 5'-phosphate; PN = pyridoxine |
Source: GeneReviews — "PLPBP Deficiency"
Phenotype severity distribution: 2 always present features, 2 very common features, 12 common features.