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Recurrent metabolic encephalomyopathic crises-rhabdomyolysis-cardiac arrhythmia-intellectual disability syndrome is a rare, genetic, neurodegenerative disease characterized by episodic metabolic encephalomyopathic crises (of variable frequency and severity which are frequently precipitated by an acute illness) which manifest with profound muscle weakness, ataxia, seizures, cardiac arrhythmias, rhabdomyolysis with myoglobinuria, elevated plasma creatine kinase, hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, increased acylcarnitines and a disorientated or comatose state. Global developmental delay, intellectual disability and cortical, pyramidal and cerebellar signs develop with subsequent progressive neurodegeneration causing loss of expressive language and varying degrees of cerebral atrophy.
Features include always present findings: Elevated creatine kinase (muscle enzyme) (elevated circulating creatine kinase concentration), Ataxia, Lower limb spasticity, and Elevated circulating aldolase concentration and others; and very common findings: Elevated circulating tetradecenoylcarnitine concentration, Rhabdomyolysis, Increased circulating lactate concentration, and Hyperammonemia and others. 57 total HPO annotations.
Organ System | Phenotype Count | Example Features |
|---|---|---|
Brain and nerves | 18 | Dystonia, Seizure, Gait ataxia |
Muscles | 8 | Generalized hypotonia, Muscle weakness, Rhabdomyolysis |
Lab test results | 7 | Elevated creatine kinase (muscle enzyme) (elevated circulating creatine kinase concentration), Elevated circulating tetradecenoylcarnitine concentration, Elevated circulating aldolase concentration |
Heart and blood vessels | 6 | Cardiac arrest, Ventricular tachycardia, Ventricular fibrillation |
Arms and legs | 1 | Lower limb spasticity |
Head and neck | 1 | Microcephaly |
Ears | 1 | Inner ear hearing loss (sensorineural hearing impairment) |
Eyes | 1 | Damage to the optic nerve (optic atrophy) |
Metabolism | 1 | Metabolic acidosis |
Digestive system | 1 | Difficulty swallowing (mouth and throat) (oral-pharyngeal dysphagia) |
Hormones | 1 | Hypothyroidism |
TANGO2 deficiency is characterized by developmental delay, intellectual disability, TANGO2 spells, acute metabolic crises, and risk of cardiac crisis. Additional features can include seizures, hypothyroidism, exotropia, and constipation. To date, more than 100 individuals have been identified with biallelic pathogenic variants in TANGO2 [, , , , , ]. The following description of the phenotypic features associated with this condition is based on these reports. Table 2. TANGO2 Deficiency Disorder: Frequency of Select Features
Feature | % of Persons w/Feature | Comment |
|---|---|---|
Developmental delay | 99% | Typically both motor speech |
Speech difficulties | 97% |
TANGO2 function has not been fully characterized.
Recurrent metabolic encephalomyopathic crises-rhabdomyolysis-cardiac arrhythmia-intellectual disability syndrome is associated with mutations in the TANGO2 gene on chromosome 22.
TANGO2 deficiency should be suspected in a proband with the following clinical, laboratory, EKG, imaging, and family history findings.
Clinical findings
Source: GeneReviews — "TANGO2 Deficiency"
Table 3. Genetic Disorders to Consider in the Differential Diagnosis of TANGO2 Deficiency
Gene(s) | Disorder | MOI | Features Overlapping w/TANGO2 Deficiency | Features Distinguishing from TANGO2 Deficiency |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Very long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency | AR | Arrhythmias, rhabdomyolysis, intermittent hypoglycemia | In VLCAD deficiency: hypoketotic hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly CPT2 | — |
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II (CPT II) deficiency | AR | Muscle weakness during attacks, myoglobinuria, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, coma after infection or prolonged fasting | In CPT II deficiency: liver failure, hypoketotic hypoglycemia HADHA HADHB |
Genetic testing for TANGO2 is available. Testing is considered confirmatory for diagnosis.
Biomarker and diagnostic research for recurrent metabolic encephalomyopathic crises-rhabdomyolysis-cardiac arrhythmia-intellectual disability syndrome has been reported in the published literature.
No approved treatments are currently available for recurrent metabolic encephalomyopathic crises-rhabdomyolysis-cardiac arrhythmia-intellectual disability syndrome. The disease remains an area of unmet medical need.
No clinical practice guidelines for TANGO2 deficiency have been published.
To establish the extent of disease and needs in an individual diagnosed with TANGO2 deficiency in acute metabolic crisis, the evaluations summarized in are recommended. To establish the extent of disease and needs in all other individuals diagnosed with TANGO2 deficiency, the evaluations summarized (if not performed as part of the evaluation that led to the diagnosis) are recommended.
Table 4a.
Recommended Evaluations Following Initial Diagnosis in Individuals with TANGO2 Deficiency in Acute Metabolic Crisis
System/Concern | Evaluation | Comment
| For those w/new diagnosis in acute metabolic crisis, admit to ICU for observation |
| Neurologic assessment of mental status, gait, strength |
| • Blood glucose, CK, ALT, AST
Chemistry panel incl serum Mg
Plasma lactate troponin
Global MAPS if feasible
|
| Assess nutrition, swallowing, ability for oral intake vs need for NGT, IV, TPN | Dysphagia can be episodic, w/ risk of aspiration due to inability to manage secretions liquids.
| • Continuous bedside rhythm monitoring should be initiated immediately continued throughout hospitalization to assess for ventricular ectopy life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias until crisis resolves.
Obtain EKG to measure QTc assess for Brugada pattern
Echocardiogram to assess ventricular function
Source: GeneReviews — "TANGO2 Deficiency"
Avoid triggers for TANGO2 spells and acute metabolic crisis (e.g., fasting, dehydration, overexertion, exposure to excessive heat, ketogenic diet, infections).
Source: GeneReviews — "TANGO2 Deficiency"
Search ClinicalTrials.gov in the US and EU Clinical Trials Register in Europe for information on clinical studies for a wide range of diseases and conditions. An international natural history study on TANGO2 deficiency is recruiting (NCT05374616). Vitamin dosing and which specific vitamins help alleviate manifestations of TANGO2 deficiency are still under investigation.
Source: GeneReviews — "TANGO2 Deficiency"
View trials for recurrent metabolic encephalomyopathic crises-rhabdomyolysis-cardiac arrhythmia-intellectual disability syndrome
Table 7. Recommended Surveillance for Individuals with TANGO2 Deficiency
System/Concern | Evaluation | Frequency |
|---|---|---|
Neurologic | Monitor those w/seizures as clinically indicated. | At each visit |
Endocrine | TSH free T4 | Annually or per endocrinologist |
Eyes | Ophthalmologic eval | Per ophthalmologist |
Gastrointestinal | Gastroenterologist/ nutritionist/ feeding team eval to assess feeding nutritional status for dysmotility | Per gastroenterologist nutritionist |
Hearing | Assess for sensorineural hearing loss. | As needed |
Family/Community | Assess family need for care coordination, social work support (e.g., home nursing, local resources, palliative/respite care), or follow-up genetic counseling if new questions arise (e.g., family planning). | At each visit OT = occupational therapy; PT = physical therapy; T4 = thyroxine; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone |
Source: GeneReviews — "TANGO2 Deficiency"
Phenotype severity distribution: 21 always present features, 5 very common features, 6 common features.
Estimated prevalence: <1 in 1,000,000 (VERY_RARE).
No clinical trials have been registered for recurrent metabolic encephalomyopathic crises-rhabdomyolysis-cardiac arrhythmia-intellectual disability syndrome.
24 publications have been identified in PubMed for recurrent metabolic encephalomyopathic crises-rhabdomyolysis-cardiac arrhythmia-intellectual disability syndrome. Research spans Case Report / Case Series (33%), Basic Science / Preclinical (29%), and Review / Meta-Analysis (17%).
Research Type | Count | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
Patient case studies | 8 | 33% |
Laboratory research | 7 | 29% |
Research summaries | 4 | 17% |
Disease patterns and progression | 3 | 13% |
Testing and diagnosis research | 1 | 4% |
New treatment approaches | 1 | 4% |
Sabbagh Q (2026). [PMID: 42063611](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42063611/). *Neurol Genet*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Omata T (2026). [PMID: 41913275](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41913275/). *Orphanet J Rare Dis*. [Case Report / Case Series]
Puyana Rodríguez JM (2026). [PMID: 41707637](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41707637/). *Pediatr Neurol*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Zhou D (2026). [PMID: 41924852](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41924852/). *Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Turco EC (2026). [PMID: 42006578](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42006578/). *Front Pediatr*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Foresti O (2026). [PMID: 42115085](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42115085/). *Trends Mol Med*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Turco EC (2026). [PMID: 42196371](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42196371/). *Int J Mol Sci*. [Epidemiology / Natural History]
Sandkuhler SE (2026). [PMID: 41504601](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41504601/). *Elife*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Cooper A (2026). [PMID: 40726205](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40726205/). *Proteins*. [Basic Science / Preclinical]
Yoldaş Çelik M (2026). [PMID: 41466769](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41466769/). *JIMD Rep*. [Review / Meta-Analysis]
Data assembled from 7 of 12 sources · Last updated Sep 20, 2026, 11:37 PM UTC
Patient Advocacy Groups (PAGs) provide support, resources, and community for patients and caregivers.
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
European rare disease database
Genetic and Rare Diseases Info Center
Intellectual disability | 97% | Typically mild to moderate |
TANGO2 spells | 94% | Loss of balance, head body tilt, dystonia, dysarthria, drooling, lethargy |
Acute metabolic crises | ~66% | Rhabdomyolysis, prolonged QTc on EKG |
Cardiac crises | 41% | Ventricular arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrest |
Seizures | 40%-50% | — |
Brain imaging abnormalities | ~60% | Diffuse ventriculomegaly, cerebral volume loss, diminished white matter |
Hypothyroidism | 40%-50% | — |
Exotropia | 60% | — |
Constipation | 50% | Motor delays are generally seen by age one to two years. The median age of walking is about 16 months. Regression of developmental milestones such as walking is common after a metabolic crisis. Some individuals never achieve ambulation after an early metabolic crisis. |
Source: GeneReviews — "TANGO2 Deficiency"
Long-chain hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHAD)/ trifunctional protein deficiency (TFP) | AR | CK, prolonged QTc, cardiomyopathy | In LCHAD/TFP deficiency: hypoketotic hypoglycemia, pigmentary retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy LPIN1 | — |
LPIN1-related acute recurrent myoglobinuria (OMIM 268200) | AR | Muscle weakness, acute recurrent rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria | In LPIN1-related acute recurrent myoglobinuria: absence of seizures cardiac arrhythmias | — |
PYGM | Glycogen storage disease type V (GSDV, McArdle disease) other defects of glucose/glycogen metabolism | AR | Recurrent rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria | In GSDV: presence of muscle cramps absence of seizures cardiac arrhythmias SLC25A20 |
Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase (CACT) deficiency | AR | Ventricular tachycardia, cardiomyopathy, rhabdomyolysis, hyperammonemia, abnormal liver enzymes, long chain acylcarnitines | In CACT deficiency: presence (typically) of C16 C18 (although C14:1 can also be ) absence of prolonged QTc interval Mitochondrial disorders. Lactic acidosis, myopathy, and seizures are seen in a wide variety of mitochondrial disorders (see Primary Mitochondrial Disorders Overview). | — |
Source: GeneReviews — "TANGO2 Deficiency"